American History 1800 to 1877

The emergence of the United States as an independent nation, towards the end of the 18th century, was an epochal happening in contemporary history. It led to the creation of the world’s wealthiest and mightiest power, and the subsequent development of a rich and vibrant society that influenced humankind in numerous ways. The future of the United States was, however the furthest thing on the minds of the people who inhabited the North American continent in the beginning of the nineteenth century.Aggressive European settlers, black slaves and the original inhabitants of the country, descendents of people who had come from Serbia thousands of years ago and known as Native Americans or American Indians, peopled the land. The European settlers, mainly from Britain, were adventurers, people willing to take huge risks and endure enormous physical hardship to build a future for their families and children. The black people lived and worked as slaves in farms and workshops.Captured fro m villages and farms in Africa by white slave traders, thousands of Africans, mostly from the Sudan, came to North America in shackles, and aboard slave ships, in the 17th and 18th centuries. White farmers and settlers purchased the captive Africans from these traders and used them as slaves, on farms and plantations, mostly in horrific conditions. The children of slaves grew up in bondage and lived lives of legal slavery, Thus at the turn of the 18th century, hundreds of thousands of black Americans worked as slaves in America.While black slaves lived everywhere, their populations were concentrated in the agricultural economy of the south, where the requirement for human labor necessitated their presence in large numbers. The Native Americans, termed also as Indians, were the original inhabitants of the land. A nomadic and innocent people, they belonged to different tribes and roamed all over the continent on horseback, living on game and agriculture.The Native American people, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, were in a state of perplexity, disorder and dismay, confronted, as they were, by whites who were not just strongly armed, intelligent, organized, avaricious and cruel, but also wished to devour their lands and drive them away from their habitat. The nineteenth century is an epochal period in American history, characterized by continuous interaction and confrontation between the white European settlers, the black slaves and brown Native Americans.The period ended with the total domination of the white man, the eclipse of the proud Native American and the beginning of black emancipation. This essay attempts to analyse the events of the period 1800 to 1877 and examine the premise that the fiery and independent spirit of the Native Americans, quite distinct from the submissive and relatively docile attitude of the black slaves, increased their threat perception in the eyes of the whites and led to their near complete decimation in the United Stat es. 2. The End of Slavery Slavery in the United States began with the arrival of twenty Africans in a Dutch slave ship in 1619 in West Virginia.The sale of these Africans as indentured servants preceded the capture, transportation and enslavement of thousands of black people to work in the newly developed farmlands of North America. An enormous number of men and women came from Africa in inhuman conditions to fill the growing demand of labor in the American colonies. Figures of the people captured and sold into slavery range from one to many millions. While their actual number is a matter of controversy, the wide scale adoption of slavery in the US remains one of the worst and most horrific acts of humanity.Hundreds of accounts narrate the appalling conditions in which the slaves came and later lived in the American colonies The slaves were transported across the ocean in especially fitted ships. They were kept lying on narrow ledges, chained, but were brought above deck in good wea ther. Overcrowding, minimal and monotonous diet (two meals per day and a pint of water), poor hygiene, epidemics, and lack of physical activity decimated, on each and every 1-2 months long trip, a whopping one seventh to one fourth of the â€Å"cargo† and one sixth to one half of the crew.(Vaknin, 2005) The African slaves came from agricultural tribal economies and while physically very strong, were also very good with their hands and for work in the fields. A gradual realization of their enormous economic worth in agricultural production and other labor-intensive work led to the institutionalization of slavery, the legalization of â€Å"chattel slaves† and the creation of hereditary servitude; where children of slaves were born as property of white masters.The availability of this huge unpaid work force resulted in enormous increase in agricultural production, the building of American infrastructure and the emergence of the USA as the wealthiest country in the world. Slaves became prized commodities and thought of as â€Å"black gold†. The slave trade also led to spurts in the economies of slave trading nations like Holland. Amsterdam became the trading capital of the slave trade, much like it is the center of the flower business today, acting as an auction centre and helping to manage the slave trade, with up to 10,000 slaving vessels frequenting the port. (Schuma, 1987).The institutionalisation of slavery led to huge increases in the numbers of slaves. A population of slightly less than one million slaves in 1800 increased four fold to four million by 1860. (Slavery in Colonial America, 2006). As such, even though import of fresh slaves was stopped by the end of the 18th century, prolific growth continued to increase their numbers. Even though their percentage of the total population fell from nearly 20 to 14 they remained a sizeable segment of American society. In fact, the relative percentage of slaves in the southern states varied fr om 20 to as much as 60 percent in certain areas.Slavery at the time of the Revolution was firmly established in the five southernmost states from Maryland to Georgia, and it was more than a trivial presence in most of the others. Slaves numbered about half a million in 1780, constituting a little more than one-sixth of the national population. In the South, two persons out of every five were slaves. (Fehrenbacher, 2002, p. 15) The struggle for liberation and emancipation of American slaves began after the declaration of independence in 1776 and started gaining momentum by the early 1800s.The movement for liberation and emancipation was spearheaded by the northern states and opposed violently by the agricultural south. While it would be churlish to deny the enormous contribution of emancipators like Abraham Lincoln and Harriet Beecher Stowe, the primary reason for this difference in attitude between the north and the south would appear to be economic and political rather than humanit arian. Southern economies depended much more on slave labor than the northern states and, ironical as it may appear, relationships between blacks and whites were much stronger in the south, than they were in the north.Over the years, even as cases of ill treatment continued to happen, living conditions of blacks in the south improved steadily. Most slave-owners regarded themselves as custodians of their slaves. They properly fed the working adults, allowed them to grow vegetables in their own garden plots, provided them with clothing and housing. In wealthier and larger plantations, the slaves were cared for by qualified physicians. Slave life was richer than portrayed in literature and cinema. Slaves belonged to churches and were ordained as ministers and preachers. A few learned to read and write. Music was a favorite pastime.Slaves were allowed to moonlight or work on their own free time. The Law, even in the Deep South, recognized slaves as both chattel and human beings. Slaves were held responsible for criminal acts they had committed, for instance, and enjoyed many human rights Case law and non-binding custom endowed them with additional privileges: the right to marry, own private property, have free time, enter contracts, and (if female or child) be consigned to lighter labor. (Vaknin, 2005) The struggle for the freedom of black slaves originated, strangely enough, from white Americans, mostly from the north.The movement continued for decades until the confrontation between the south and the north over slavery ended in conflagration and violent civil war. People like William Garrison, Harriet Beecher Stowe and Harriet Tubman mobilized public opinion and influenced union government policy to take up the black cause. The blacks, themselves, had very little contribution to make towards their own liberation and the few localized and small insurrections that did take place, like those led by Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner met with immediate and forceful suppre ssion.The civil war lasted for many years and led to the death of thousands of federal and unionist soldiers. Its end, in 1865, led to the abolition of slavery and the freedom of African slaves. While some blacks did fight with the federal soldiers in the civil war, this is possibly the only freedom struggle in the world where the oppressed, the denied and the ruled contributed very little towards their own liberation. Strange as it may appear, white northerners died in the thousands to secure American slaves their freedom.Feelings of compassion and thoughts of equality and liberty undoubtedly led many noble-minded whites to take up the cause of the unfortunate slaves. The movement for abolition of slavery and its violent denouement is one of the most famous freedom movements of the world. It is thus perplexing to know that while white Americans from the north were striving ceaselessly for black freedom, they were also driving Native Americans from their ancestral lands, destroying their means of survival, cloistering them in small parcels of land and decimating their numbers. 3.The Annihilation of the Native Americans The Native Americans, the current term for the original inhabitants of the Americas, are supposed to have migrated from Serbia thousands of years ago. The peoples, who belonged to several tribes, lived for thousands of years quite happily, growing their populations, living off game and rudimentary agriculture, before the Europeans set foot on North America. The early Europeans described these people in glowing terms. the Indians lived in common, â€Å"the most perfect and most worthy life of man,† a mark of the â€Å"ancient golden age.† This good Indian welcomed the European invaders and treated them courteously and generously. He was handsome in appearance, dignified in manner, and brave in combat, and in all he exhibited a primitivism that had great appeal to many Europeans. 4. (Prucha, 1984, p. 7) The coming of the Europeans le d to the unfolding of one of the biggest tragedies of history and the practical annihilation of the whole race. The Europeans brought diseases with them that that killed natives by the thousands.The most lethal of the pathogens introduced by the Europeans was smallpox, which sometimes incapacitated so many adults at once that deaths from hunger and starvation ran as high as deaths from disease; in several cases, entire tribes were rendered extinct. Other killers included measles, influenza, whooping cough, diphtheria, typhus, bubonic plague, cholera, and scarlet fever. Although syphilis was apparently native to parts of the Western hemisphere, it, too, was probably introduced into North America by Europeans. (Lewy, 2004)Apart from bringing diseases, the settlers started encroaching into Native American Territory and over the years pushed the Indians from the East towards the Pacific Rim. The Native Americans were very different from the black slaves. They were used to vast open prai ries and their tribal structure fostered independence. In the beginning, the whites used captured natives as slaves. This practice did not really succeed as the Native Americans could not bear the hardships of plantation and farm slavery like the blacks and died in large numbers.In addition, as the standoffs between the whites and the Native Americans grew over the years, wars generally ended in massacres and flight rather than in captivity. By the end of the 18th century, the United States was forcefully pushing the Native Americans increasingly towards the west with a mixture of force, aggression and deceit. Exploitation of rivalries between different tribes furthered this cause and the same people who were very concerned about the abolition of slavery did not baulk at depriving the Native Americans from their livelihood.There was a significant difference between the perception of Native Americans and slaves in the eyes of the whites. Black slaves were economic assets; oppressed p eople, who however did not pose any economic and physical threat to the whites. Abolition of slavery and proposals for freedom of slaves were, perceived to be causes of economic difficulty for the southern states. However, the fact that very few slaves were involved in the freedom movement did not raise animosity against them, even in the southern states.Thus, the sympathy levels for blacks remained high and the movement for their liberation continued with even pace. The perception about Native Americans was very different. The Native Americans were an independent people and the owners of land. They hated the settlers and considered them aggressors, and the whites too thought of them as opponents and dangerous enemies. The 18th century thus witnessed numerous wars between the natives and the white settlers. During the American war of independence, Native Americans fought mostly with the British in a bid to stall the expansionism of the United States.It was only at the end that they realised that the equally treacherous British had ceded huge tracts of their land to the Americans. The beginning of the 19th century thus saw the Native Americans under enormous pressure from the United States, but still owners of huge tracts of land coveted by the whites. The US Congress, in 1830, passed the Indian Removal Bill, a law that forcibly evicted American Indians from their lands and pushed them further to the west. This strategy of dispossession resulted in numerous skirmishes, treaties, wars and the gradual forcible eviction of Native Americans from their lands.All their proposals for peaceful co existence and willingness to adopt the farming methods of the white settlers came to nothing, and by the late nineteenth century, they could live only in specific tracts of lands known as reservations. This process of removal resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of Native Americans from disease and hardship, even as they gave up their homes and lands and moved far away. One particular journey, known as the Trail of Tears led to the death of thousands of Cherokees. (The Trail of Tears, 2005) 4. ConclusionThe fate of the Native Americans at the hands of the government of the United States is unparalleled in historical annals. In most conquests, the victors rule over the defeated peoples, impose their laws and their religions on the conquered. The dispossession of the Indians is the only instance where the conquerors forced the defeated to leave their lands, restricted their freedoms, separated them from society and cooped them up in reservations, much alike concentration camps. Their systematic extermination and relocation is one of the most brutal acts in U. S. history.Most Americans know this intuitively, but they'd rather not think about it-so instead they choose simply to feel sorry for the Indians living today. (Miller, 2000) This happened only a hundred and fifty years back at the hands of a democratically elected government of a country that supposedly values liberty, freedom and democracy. The liberation of blacks and the abolition of slavery in the USA occurred along with the practical decimation of the Native Americans, the deprivation of their rights and their banishment to distant reservations, at the hands of the same government.The reasons for this unbalanced, ambivalent and practically schizophrenic behavior of the free American people and their democratically elected government are difficult, practically impossible to explain. The only possibly valid reason is the independent attitude of the Indian people, their love for freedom and their pride, which made it difficult for them to accept total subjugation. This, unlike the situation with the black slaves, increased their economic and military threat in the eyes of the American people and government and led to their genocide and practical annihilation. BibliographyColeman, M. C. (1985). Presbyterian Missionary Attitudes toward American Indians, 1837-1893. Jackso n, MS: University Press of Mississippi Fehrenbacher, D. E. (2002). The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government's Relations to Slavery (W. M. Mcafee, Ed. ). New York: Oxford University Press. Gutzman, K. C. (2002). The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government's Relations to Slavery. Journal of Southern History, 68(4), 957+. Retrieved November 24, 2006, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o&d=5002502749 Holder, P.(1974). The Hoe and the Horse on the Plains: A Study of Cultural Development among North American Indians. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Lewy, G. (2004, September). Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?. Commentary, 118, 55+. Miller, J. J. (2000, October 9). Buffaloed: Fighting the Truth about American Indians. National Review, 52,. Prucha, F. P. (1984). The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Schama, Simon , (1987), â€Å"An Embarrassment of Riches†, First Vintage Books, Random House, New YorkSlavery in Colonial America, (2006), A history of American slavery, Retrieved November 23, 2006 from en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States Trafzer, C. E. & Hyer, J. R. (Eds. ). (1999). Exterminate Them: Written Accounts of the Murder, Rape, and Slavery of Native Americans during the California Gold Rush, 1848-1868. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. Trail of Tears,(2005), Historical Documents, Retrieved November 21, 2006 from www. americanindians. com Vaknin, S, (2005), Slavery in the USA, Buzle. com, Retrieved November 23, 2006 from www. buzzle. com/editorials/9-26-2005-77541. asp

Ideas, Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs about Education and the Linguistic devices applied to Texts 2 and 3 of the Anthology

Text two Comprehensive was written by Carol Ann Duffy, and was taken from her first major collection Standing Female Nude, which was published in 1985. Since becoming a mother, Duffy has become more interested in writing for, and about children. Comprehensive is a literary piece written in first person narrative that represents speech however, it is intended to be read silently. The poem deals with the ethnic minorities, and the attitudes of different children living in Britain. The first stanza is about a young girl from Africa, and she explains how she prefers Africa to England. We get the impression that this girl is no that happy living in England. â€Å"We talk a lot about the things we used to do in Africa and then we are happy† (lines 6 and 7). In the second stanza, the sentences are a lot shorter and harsher. It is about a 14yr old boy named Wayne who is from England, who we would stereotype as â€Å"White Trash†. We get the impression from the sentence structure and the abrupt language used, that this boy is not very well educated. In fact, the young African girl in stanza one seems to have better English than the boy in stanza two due to better sentence structures that flow a lot more easier. This boy also shows in this stanza that he is racist. â€Å"Paki-bashing† (line 9) and â€Å"I don't suppose I'll get a job. It's all them coming over here to work† (lines 12 and 13) Here we see his prejudices, and how he is blaming â€Å"them† for him thinking he'll never have a job. Referring to these people as â€Å"them† shows how little he thinks of them. We can link stanza two to stanza 4, which is about a girl from England who sees life as boring. The sentences here are stilted and the use of idiomatic and colloquial language, gives the impression of the typical teenager, white trash stereotype displayed in the children written about from England. Also, linking to stanza 2, it is also subtly racist, â€Å"Marlon Frederic's nice but he's a bit dark† (line 23). Stanza 6 also links with 2 and 4, due to the racist prejudices displayed. Also, this person shows how he has been fed what he wants to be in the future, suggesting that children in England have no real dreams and ambitions of their own, so they live off what is expected of them. â€Å"I'm going into the Army. No choice really† (lines 36-37). But also, we see how this boy wants to emigrate and live in Australia. Although Australia is an English speaking country, he'll still be in exactly the same position as the ethnic minorities living in England (A pomme in an Au ssie's Society). From the stanzas which are about the children in the ethnic minorities, we see them all link together by the way they explain how happy they were when they lived in there place of origin. And how important it is for them to stay close to their families and loved ones. â€Å"Families face Mecca† (line 16) everyone coming together to pray! The last stanza is about how family is very important to one boy, and also how difficult he is finding it to adjust to a strange school where he doesn't understand what his teacher is telling him â€Å"The teacher told us to drink our milk. I didn't understand what she was saying so I didn't get any milk† (lines 43-45). At the end of the last stanza, we see how this person is ambitious and has hope for the future, opposed to those who have grown up here. Text three The Play Way was written by Seamus Heaney, the winner of the Noble Prize for literature in 1995. He became a full-time writer after studying and teaching at Queen's University in Belfast until 1972. The Play Way is taken from his first selection of poems, Death of a Naturalist, published in 1966. The Play Way is a literary piece, written in first person narrative and scripted to be read aloud. The poem is about a more relaxed way of education, as suggested by the title. This poem is written in quatrains (equal 4 line stanzas), with enjambment to make the poem flow easily and seem more relaxed. In the first stanza, he personifies the music â€Å"The music strides to challenge it† (line 3). In stanza 2, we see the generation gap between pupils and teacher. The children are not sure who Beethoven is, or what type of music he composed, as a child's perspective of music would be the type of music, which would appear mostly to them. â€Å"Can we jive?† (Line 8) is an expression we would link with the Rock ‘n' Roll type of music, or in this case the type of music which appeals to the children. We see that the music seems to have a magical quality for the teacher as it grabs the children's concentration. â€Å"†¦ Working its private spell behind eyes that stare wide† (lines 13 and 14). Comparing this poem to Text 25, The First Time, by Evelyn Waugh, Paul (a teacher in the poem) had to get the class on his side, but was forced to use a more firmer method to gain the control he wanted which set the text firmly in it's time. It shows The Play Way is a more modern and relaxed way of teaching. â€Å"Their blundering embrace of the free† (line 16) suggests that the lesson was a successful one. In the last stanza, he describes how he sees progression in â€Å"New Looks† (line 19), and how they have sub-consciously, found out more about themselves â€Å"To fall into themselves unknowingly† (line 20).

Controversy on Native American Mascots Essay

Bigotry and mockery are two concepts that the United States has fought with since its creation, and it seemed that it was disappearing, but it hasn’t. Many schools, of all levels, are using a Native American mascot to represent their sporting teams and this has brought much controversy over the truth behind these mascots. This idea is the mocking a heritage for money and amusement of others. It does not, in any way, represent the truth behind Native American modern life. Lastly, if a mascot was used to represent another race, it would be deemed insulting and would immediately be removed. Using Native Americans as mascots is a cruel form of mockery and racism, and must be put to an end. A mascot is used to make money and to attract and amuse crowds. For many sports teams, mascots are animals such as bears or tigers. By using a Native American as a mascot, you are labeling them as lesser than the spectators of the sport. A Native American is a person, not an animal that one can use and sell for their own benefits. A student should not feel that their own school is mocking their family and their heritage for entertainment purposes. One student of a North Carolina high school had even said, â€Å"How long would you want to stay in a place where you’re being mocked and laughed at? † By mocking this heritage, they are not only offending people, but losing money in the process of trying to make it because many students prefer to not go to a school where they feel they are being made fun of. The use of a Native American as a mascot is offensive and must immediately be put to a stop. The idea of a Native American used to entertain people or represent sports teams is not at all what a real person of this heritage is. When the term â€Å"Indian† is used, many think of someone wearing face paint and a feathered headdress, the exact icon for the Cleveland Indians baseball team. However, the modern Native American is never dressed in anything like this. This mascot provides a false image to the rest of the world about a real culture. A representative had said that Florida State University’s mascot is â€Å"eye-catching but not historically accurate†. These images send out a negative reputation for Native Americans, and even make them seem like war-loving savages. The modern life Native Americans near the university are running a casino, not wreaking havoc on other tribes. This mascot sends a false and negative reputation about the true Indian culture that must be stopped. Racism has, over the years, become a rather sensitive topic in the United States. After years upon years of slavery, many are quick to assume that any comment towards an African American is based upon racism. However, no one jumps to conclusions when hundreds of schools using a heritage to amuse people and make money. According to N. C. A. A. resident Myles Brand, â€Å"At times, Indians are reduced to caricature. † If any school had dared to use an African American as their sports team mascot, it would bring massive controversy. To prove this, a group of students at the University of Northern Colorado nicknamed their team the â€Å"Fightin’ Whites†. This was quickly deemed extremely inappropriate, just as the use of any race in a nickname should. If one is against racism, they must be against it in all types, regardless of if it’s about African Americans or Native Americans, and the use of a mascot in this way is incredibly racist. As Brand had said, â€Å"If we don’t stick to our values, we lose our integrity. † The use of a Native American mascot is incredibly disrespectful to the true culture of these people. It does not show the real culture, it uses something sacred to make money, and it even promotes racism. By the school’s use of this mascot, we are allowing the bigotry and racism to spread throughout the world. This concept must be put to a stop immediately and must start with our region removing the high school’s mascot.

Dependency on Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dependency on Computers - Essay Example However, the question is whether or not it is feasible to post every daily action onto a computer, because after all, people are losing out on their identities as mentioned within the purview of this paper. There are various possible claims available for this paper; some might say that dependency on computers is valid because computers are the future of the world; they help in minimising manual work; gaining efficiency as well as assisting in executing new ideas. However, on the other hand, the other school of thought suggests that despite all the help that computers provide people with, they lead to a disintegration of society by slowly leading to the loss of personal identity – this means that with excessive dependency on computers, man will be losing out on his intelligence and brain power. Both these claims are discussed further within the purview of this essay, with valid examples. My position regarding the topic is that people are too dependent on computers even though i t helps them more than affects them in a negative manner. In today’s world, a computer is not just another inanimate object, but an animate one; it is literally like an individual’s slave and performs all the necessary functions for social and professional well being. No person is able to work without the help of a computer; for example in school and college life it involves submitting assignments and carrying out research work, in the work sphere it includes working on different types of software in order to achieve an organisation’s goals, at home, it provides for leisure time on various social networking websites through the internet and also helps a person to enjoy himself by playing games or writing. Today, most writers have also shunned the use of the pen and have taken to working with laptops and computers in order to get their work done. However, sometimes, this hampers the personal growth of an individual because it leads to them losing out on their wri ting skills and abilities. For example, when a person is using the computer to write, he has access to internet sources and pages as well as a dictionary and a thesaurus which makes him change his words every now and then. Thus, the end result so procured is hardly a personal thought and becomes a robotic one instead. However, with the help of the pen, one can easily write what he feels about the situation or circumstance instead of using help from other sources. Furthermore, the internet also makes people indulge in plagiarism or stealing of other people’s works for the purpose of completion of their projects and papers. This is almost like theft of intellectual property and thus should not be encouraged. Using a computer has become a reflex action in people’s lives; they cannot function without switching on their screens at least five times a day. In order to support this very claim, I would like to take the example of this very paper being written and read, which wa s done only with the help of a computer. Dependency is a good thing, especially if the object being used is helping a person rather than harming him. Every object has negative connotation attached to it however the point is to look at the positives. On the other hand, the computer facilitates networking and helps people to connect with each other via the internet; this is primarily one of the main reasons that people are so dependent on the computer. If they want to look up some information these days, books are barely opened because it is much easier to find information on the computer with the click of a mouse. The government also makes use of the computer in order to get its work done in a more

Discuss the methods and technology used in damping buildings when Essay

Discuss the methods and technology used in damping buildings when resonance leads to SHM caused by the wind and earthquakes - Essay Example The amplitude of these oscillations is time dependent and is inversely proportional to the time. Higher damping means that the oscillations reduce in their size (Fang et al. 1999). In physics’ terms, the tendency of a system to oscillate at amplitude that is greater at certain frequencies as compared to others is called resonance. This situation occurs when the system has the capacity to stockpile and shift energy easily between more than two modes of storage. The losses that happen at the process of this cycle are called damping. With small damping, the resonance frequency tends to be the same as the natural frequency of the system. There are cases where systems have multiple resonance frequencies that are distinct (Kijewski-Correa and Pirnia, 2007). Damping is hence the physical phenomenon of reducing motion through dissipation of energy. In tall buildings, damping is important due to various reasons. The tall buildings are known to vibrate at natural frequencies that are low. This is a factor that makes the buildings to be very susceptible to dynamic resonance in cases of earthquake and wind. Wind energy is usually at its highest when the frequencies are low. Additionally, to the response to the wind gustiness, there is a common form of dynamic wind response that is due to vortex shedding. The circumstances mentioned results to the creation of movements of the structure that is at right angles to the course of the storm (Terman, 1992). Damping in tall buildings is mainly caused by intrinsic and supplementary sources. Intrinsic damping comes from connections, cladding, friction and seismic motion; in this case, this paper is interested in the seismic causes of the damping which is earthquakes. Supplementary damping is due to engineered devices such as friction devices, viscous and slosh dampers and tuned mass dampers (Katsuhiko, 2005). There are broad methods that have been largely

School competitors ERCI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

School competitors ERCI - Essay Example By comparing the positive and negative attributes, a comparative estimation was done which highlighted on the competitive strategies, objectives of the individual schools as well as the efficiency and defensive moves which can help ERCI to gain market share by attracting more students internationally. ERCI on understanding its competitors’ strategies would restructure and implement their own strategies which would work as an advantage to them (ERC Institute, 2015). A survey was executed where the students of ERCI sampled 100 odd students from varied background to fill in a questionnaire which they analyzed to determine the student’s demand for educational school and what were the features they are more reluctant on while selecting a particular school to study in. The sample group had individuals from countries like Singapore, Vietnam, Korea and China who are students in Singaporean school. The main focus was on the survey method where the students were questioned on their decision making on selecting the specific schools they study in. The focus of the descriptive analysis was on the fees structure, the satisfactory attributes of the schools as well as the educational programs and certificates provided by them. Most of the students surveyed were males and were interested in further studies. 68.5% of the students were aware of the educational programs and attributes of the schools through the agents. Further, the sales manager of ERCI wa s interviewed to judge the recruiting and managing procedures for the international students. It was found that those students from India and China show greater interest in further studies internationally. They tend to seek information about the global schools through educational agencies in their respective countries and hence the Singaporean schools contact these agents to promote themselves and attract greater number of candidates. On the other hand, there are part time educational facilities in Singapore

Analysis and critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis and critique - Essay Example The side effects, resistance to insecticides in vectors and cost-effectiveness of DDT were discussed (2009). He concludes that though there is limited implementation of DDT alternatives, however, more research needs to be done, as IVM will diminish dependence on DDT (2009, p. 1661). Van den Berg states that, when compared with other insecticides, DDT was once a cost effective method of vector control, however, that does not hold true any longer; even as early as 1998, the cost of DDT and other insecticides became almost equal, with DDT costs ranging from US$1.50-3.00 and other insecticides costing less than US$2.20 (2009, p. 1657-1658). Moreover, recent studies show that the risk of human exposure is great in those living in sprayed houses (2009, p. 1658), however, there is a dearth of such studies, e.g. no peer-reviewed data is available from India which is the biggest user of DDT (2009, p. 1658). Van den Berg points out that though the WHO is reassessing the health risks of DDT, however, progress in this regard is slow (2009, p. 1658). DDT is known to be a persistent molecule and, as such, it takes a long while for it to degrade. It does not run-off either, as it binds itself with the organic matter present in soils and aquatic sediment (van den Berg, 2009, p . 1658). The DDT molecules have been shown to cause a lot of harm in the environment; therefore, there is a need for other alternatives to be explored. Another disadvantage of continuing to use DDT is the insecticide resistance that has been reported in certain species of the vectors. Van den Berg states that though the resistance was developed as a consequence of the excessive use of DDT in the agricultural sector, however, it is further exacerbated by the use of synthetic pyrethroids (2009, p. 1658). Van den Berg has also given a list of certain alternatives to