Ethical behavior in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical behavior in business - Essay Example This incident is a serious matter that should not be treated lightly. To clean up the mess the company has to invest millions of dollars, but the damage caused by the spillage hurt the ecosystem and killed thousands of animals. Big Dirty Oil faces an ethical dilemma in regard to how the firm should approach the problem. This essay includes the view and perspective of three stakeholders: CEO, local fisherman, and the shareholders of the company. The CEO of a company is the person that has the most power within an organization. When a firm faces any controversial situations the CEO must act as the spokesman of the organization. The oil spillage that occurred off the coast of British Columbia and Alaska was a major crisis that had to be attended to immediately. The CEO of the company must find a balance between doing the right thing and maximizing shareholders’ wealth. Maximizing shareholders’ wealth is the goal of all publicly traded companies. In light of the sensitive situation the CEO should have reacted in a different manner. The current position of the CEO is that the incident was a tragedy and he offered two million dollars to aid in the clean up. The proposal of the CEO was outrageous due to the fact that it could cost hundreds of millions of dollars to properly clean up the area. The CEO acted in an unethical manner. Instead of facing up to the problem he dismissed the protests against the company by ca lling the protesters â€Å"the outpourings of Greenies and other fanatics.† The reality was that the company had polluted thousands of square meters of water and killed thousands of fish and wildlife in the region. These creatures no longer had a habitat to live. The stance taken by the CEO was wrong. He cared more about the quarterly profits of the company than about the well being of thousands of animals and hundreds of fishermen that depended on fishing in the region everyday to support their families. The fishermen in

DNA, mRNA, and Protein Essay Example for Free

DNA, mRNA, and Protein Essay Complete the two questions below. Each question has four parts. This assignment is two pages long. Question 1: For the following double-stranded DNA sequence, -CATTGACCGTAA- -GTAACTGGCATT- Answer the following questions: a) Assume that RNA polymerase will read the top strand of DNA as the â€Å"template† to synthesize mRNA. What will be the sequence of the mRNA synthesized? (3 points) The new mrna sequence will be GUAACUGGCAUU b) Based upon the mRNA sequence above, what is the peptide sequence? (4 points) The peptide swquence will be GUA-ACU-GGC-AUU If there was a mutation in the DNA sequence above resulting in the following DNA sequence, -GATTGACCGTAA- -CTAACTGGCATT- c) What would be the resulting mRNA, assuming RNA polymerase will use the DNA sequence, -GATTGACCGTAA- ? (4 points) Thw new mena sequence will be CUAACUGGCAUU d) Based upon the mRNA sequence above, what is the peptide sequence? (4 points) The peptide sequence will be CUA-ACU-GGC-AUU which will translate to Leu-Thr-Gly-lle Question 2: For the following DNA sequence, -CCCTTAGATGGA- -GGGAATCTACCT- Answer the following questions: a) Assume that RNA polymerase will read the top strand of DNA as the â€Å"template† to synthesize mRNA. What will be the sequence of the mRNA synthesized? (3 points) GGGAAUCUACCU b) Based upon the mRNA sequence above, what is the peptide sequence? (4 points) GGG-AAU-CUA-CCU which will translate to alanine-asparagine-leucine-proline If there was a mutation in the DNA sequence above resulting in the following DNA sequence, -CTCTTAGATGGA- -GAGAATCTACCT- c) What would be the resulting mRNA, assuming RNA polymerase will use the DNA sequence, CTCTTAGATGGA ? (4 points) GAGAAUCUACCU d) Based upon the mRNA sequence above, what is the peptide sequence? (4 points) GAG-AAU-CUA-CCU which translates to glutamate-asparagine-leucine-proline.

Effective Delegation Essay -- Business Delegate Definition Essays

Effective Delegation Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper will attempt to show what skills are necessary for effective delegation, and how the managers of the author's organization uses delegation in his or her management responsibilities. The paper will also attempt to show how delegation could be used more effectively within the four functions of management in that same organization. Through delegation managers combine task responsibilities and the authority needed to carry out tasks in the organization. The author will also discuss some advantages of delegation as well as the issue of poor delegation. Delegation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is delegation? According to Bateman, delegation â€Å"is the assignment of authority and responsibility to a subordinate at a lower level.† (Bateman et al, 2004). By delegating to others this frees up the manager to devote more energy to higher-level activities. These activities can be controlling and leading. â€Å"Delegation is perhaps the most fundamental feature of management, because it entails getting work done through others.† (Bateman et al, 2004). Delegation In A County Jail   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a county jail setting there are several types of managers. These are the jail administrator, the assistant administrator, the county commissioners, the sheriff and his deputies as well as the officers from the local police departments. The management in a county jail setting uses delegation in several ways. One such way occurs when an officer or deputy brings in an inmate for a crime he or she have committed. The officer then delegates the responsibility of getting that inmate to court to the jailer, depending on the seriousness of the crime. Another way is for management to give the jailers authority to discipline an inmate for wrong doing. The author also delegated by having her sub-ordinates pass out canteen, commissary, and razors. Canteen and commissary are personal hygiene and snack items that the inmates purchased. The author was delegated to by her manager in the sense she was put in charge of planning monthly meetings and training sessions. Delegation And The Functions of Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the author's organization there is not much planning or organizing that takes place. The only planning that is done is for the monthly meetings and for all training sessions. Training has to be scheduled at different times in order for all employees to... ...n get the job done properly. The third sign of poor delegation is the team is confused, conflicting, or tense. This occurs when the task is not clearly defined. The fourth and final sign is the manager gets questions about delegated tasks too often. This is another clear indication that the task at hand was not explained clearly. (Blair, 1996) Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, â€Å"delegation underpins a style of management which allows your staff to use and develop their skills and knowledge to the full potential.† (Blair, 1996). The main objective of delegation is to get the job done by someone else. However, if the job does not get done properly then the manager is held accountable. In a county jail setting, delegation needs to be strictly monitored to ensure the proper running of the facility as well as the safety of the jailers and inmates. If a person wants to be a good leader, that person needs to be able to delegate effectively. References Bateman, T., & Snell, S. (2004). Management: the new competitive landscape. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Blair, G. (1996). Retrieved Apr. 12, 2005, from www.see.ed.ac.uk/~gerard/MENG/ME96/Documents/Aspects/ delegate.htm

Mexicos War for Independence :: essays research papers fc

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mexico is the northernmost country of Latin America. It lies just south of the United States. The Rio Grande forms about two-thirds of the boundary between Mexico and the United States. Among all the countries of the Western Hemisphere, only the United States and Brazil have more people than Mexico. Mexico City is the capital and largest city of Mexico. It also is one of the world's largest metropolitan areas in population. Hundreds of years ago, the Indians of Mexico built large cities, developed a calendar, invented a counting system and used a form of writing. The last Indian empire in Mexico, the Aztec, fell to Spanish invaders in 1521. For the next 300 years, Mexico was a Spanish colony. The Spaniards took Mexico's riches, but they also introduced many changes in farming, government, industry and religion. The descendants of the Spaniards became Mexico's ruling class. The Indians remained poor and uneducated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Spanish colonial period, a third group of people developed in Mexico. These people, who had both Indian and white ancestors, became known as Mestizos. Today, the great majority of Mexicans are Mestizos, and they generally take great pride in their Indian ancestry. A number of government programs stress the Indian role in Mexican culture. In 1949, the government made an Indian the symbol of Mexican nationality. The war for independence is sometimes considered a revolutionary war. It is not, however. The war for independence was fought to end colonial rule. The war was based on politics and a separation of powers. In this essay I will start from the rising discontentment amongst the indigenous population and how the higher ranking classes exploited their failures for their own societal class gain in a system where they have always been favored more by societal leaders. Once New Spain settled in its new territory, inner cores were created as part of the system. New Spain, from now on, would be under direction of the mother country Spain. Its colonial system would be entrenched in the new colony and therefore, its economy would strive to gain profit and make Spain richer and stronger. The economy was based on agriculture, ranching, mining, industry, and commerce. The majority of labor that would go into doing these jobs would be from the indigenous people, or â€Å"Indians†. Although some â€Å"Indians† were paid decent wages, most were treated unfairly or poorly. They worked long, hard hours.

Le’ Chatelier’s Principle

Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to develop a deeper understanding of LeChatelier’s Principle by observing several systems at chemical equilibrium and interpreting the effects of varying concentrations and temperature. The principle states that if systems at equilibria are altered or disturbed in any form, the equilibria will shift to reduce the disturbing influence ( Catalyst, 186). In a 3 part experiment, we analyzed the outcome of changes in reactant and product concentrations, equilibrium involving sparingly soluble salts, and the effect of temperature on the equilibrium.In part 1 , we observed the shift in equilibria of two aqueous solutions of Copper and Ammonia then Nickel and Ammonia. In part 2, we focused on cobalt ions in the presence of chloride ions as well as the precipitation of silver nitrate and sodium carbonate. In the last part of the experiment we utilized a solution of Cobalt chloride and compared the color at room temperature and then again in a contain er of boiling water. Physical Data: No physical Data was applicable to the experiment. Chemical Equations: Part i: Changes in Reactant or Product Concentrations A. Copper and Nickel Ions [Cu(H2O)4]2+ (aq) + 4NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) blue dark blue †¢[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3(aq) [Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq) + 6H2O(l) green pale violet †¢H+(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4 +(aq) B. Cobalt Ions †¢[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4CL- (aq) [CoCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) Part ii: Equilibrium Involving Sparingly Soluble Salts †¢2AgNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) Ag2CO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) †¢2Ag+(aq) + CO32-(aq) Ag2CO3(s) Net ionic equation ^ †¢2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq) H2CO3(aq); H2CO3(aq) > CO2(g) + H2O(l) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)AgCl(s) †¢Ag+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) [Ag(NH3)2]+(aq) †¢I-(aq) + Ag+(aq) AgI(s) Safety †¢Safety goggles are required to be worn throughout entire duration of the lab experiment. †¢Wear gloves, as the chemicals may cause serious damage to the skin skin. †¢Be sure to clean mat erials with soap and water before beginning any procedures. †¢When disposing wastes, be sure to do so in the appropriate receptacle. †¢Use precaution when handling all chemicals, careful not to inhale anything. Experimental Procedure and Observations Part i: Changes in Reactant or Product ConcentrationsA. Copper and Nickel Ions Procedure Copper 1. Place 1 mL of 0. 1 M CuSO4 in a clean test tube. 2. Add 15 M NH3 drop wise until a color change occurs. 3. Mix the solution in the test tube as you add the NH3. 4. Add 1 M HCl drop wise while mixing the solution, until the color changes. Nickel 1. Place about 1 mL of 0. 1 M NiCl2 in a clean test tube. 2. Add 15 M NH3 drop wise until a color change occurs. 3. Mix the solution in the test tube as you add the NH3. 4. Add 1 M HCl drop wise while mixing the solution, until the color changes. Observations Copper . The liquid is light blue in color. 2. The solution turned to royal blue. 3. Solution begins to slowly change to a more tran sparent blue. 4. We added 56 drops, the top of the solution remained royal blue as the bottom turned completely clear and colorless. After shaking it, it turned completely light blue. Nickel 1. The liquid is light/clear green in color. 2. The solution turned from green to blue to a lavender complex. 3. The solution turned to a clear lavender color. 4. The solution reverted back to clear green. B. Cobalt Ions Procedure 1. Place 0. mL of 1 M CoCl2 in a test tube. 2. Add 12 M HCl to test tube until a change is noticeable. 3. Slowly add water to the test tube while mixing. Observations 1. Exactly 10 drops are placed in the tube. The liquid is pale pink in color. 2. The solution turned to dark blue. 3. The solution slowly turns to purple, as little particles form on the bottom. A pale pink color began to form at the top and the color consumed the entire solution. Part ii: Equilibrium Involving Sparingly Soluble Salts Procedure 1. Add 10 drops of 0. 01 M AgNO3 to 0. 5 mL of 0. 1 M of Na2C O3. . With caution, add 6 M HNO3 drop wise until a change occurs. 3. Add . 1 M of HCl drop wise until a change is observed. 4. Add 15 M NH3 drop wise until a change occurs. 5. Add 6 M HNO3 drop wise until there is evidence of a chemical change. 6. While mixing the solution, add 15 M NH3 drop wise. 7. Add 0. 1 M KI drop wise until there is evidence of a chemical reaction. Observations 1. The original Na2CO3 solution is clear in color. The addition of AgNO3 turns it cloudy almost immediately. A small amount of precipitate is also visible in the solution. 2.Exactly 4 drops of HNO3 are added and the color of the solution reverts back to clear. 3. 4 drops of HCl are also added and the solution once again turns back cloudy with visible precipitate. 4. 15 drops of NH3 are used and the solution becomes colorless with the precipitate dissolving. 5. The solution remains colorless and a small gas cloud forms over the solution. 6. The solution is still clear and the gas above is still visible. 7. The solution turns white/ creamy in color. There is visible precipitate and the gas above the liquid is no longer visible. Part iii. Effect of Temperature on EquilibriaProcedure 1. Using a 250 ml beaker, heat 75ml of water until it begins to boil. 2. Place 1 mL of 1. 0 M CoCl2 in a test tube and place the test into the boiling water (Careful not to spill). Observations 1. The water heats to a temperature of about 135 °C. 2. The color of the CoCl2 at 20 °C is red. After placing it in the boiling water it changes to a deep pink/magenta color. Data/ Results Part i: A Part i: B Part ii Part iii Calculations: No mathematical calculations were applicable to the experiment. Discussion: Beginning with the first experiment, which consisted of the Copper, Nickel, and Ammonia.In both reactions, the strength of the ammonia is stronger than that of the water, causing each of them to dissociate. Once Hydrochloric acid is added to left of the equation, the ammonia binds to hydrogen forming ammonium and driving the reaction back in the direction that it came from. The equilibrium is therefore established by the Nickel ion and Ammonia and shifted by the hydrochloric acid once the hydrogen reacts with ammonia in a common acid-base reaction. The ammonia-metal bond in each of the reactions causes a precipitate to form because of the hydroxide ions that are left after the donation of the hydrogen.Part B of the experiment consisted of the aqueous Cobalt and chloride ions. The addition of the hydrochloric acid, once again induces an immediate change in color. The equilibrium of the equation is disturbed because of the acid, which lead to the left shift in the equation. Increasing the amount of water allowed H2O to act as a base forming H3O, allowing the reaction to move back to the right. In the second portion of the lab, the combination of silver and sodium carbonate leads to the formation of a precipitate. This is accounted for based on the silver+carbonate complex.Adding h ydrochloric acid forms an unstable carbonic acid which will later dissociate into carbon dioxide and water. This also has the effect of dissolving the silver carbonate and shifting the equation back to the left. Further removal of the silver on the left forces the reaction to move in the direction of the loss. Silver ions react with ammonia that is added and added more acid to this caused ammonium to form. Ammonia is added once more to reestablish the equilibrium. The final add-on of potassium iodide once again disrupts the balance because the silver reacts the iodide causing the reaction to move left.By manipulating the temperature, we were able to deduce information about the final reaction involving cobalt chloride. Starting near room temperature at exactly 20 °C the cobalt chloride started at a light pink color. After placing the solution in a heated water bath of exactly 135 °C, the contents of the test tube turned dark pink. The reaction is therefore endothermic as the coo l CoCl2 absorbed heat from it’s water bath before making a chemical change, therefore the reaction shifts to the right to absorb the heat. Conclusion:Conducting the experiment gave us the opportunity to learn about the effects of varying concentration and temperature in a system, hence the objectives were met because in performing each section of the lab, we were able to apply LeChatelier’s principle. The methods applied greatly aided in our understanding of the material as we had to apply previous knowledge to understand the behavior of the chemicals. Many of the solutions that were added drop wise had to be done that way as to not add too much because too much of a substance could prevent the reversal properties of the reaction.

Biography of Pablo Escobar, Colombian Drug Kingpin

Biography of Pablo Escobar, Colombian Drug Kingpin Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (December 1, 1949–December 2, 1993) was a Colombian drug lord and the leader of one of the most powerful criminal organizations ever assembled. He was also known as The King of Cocaine. Over the course of his career, Escobar made billions of dollars, ordered the murders of hundreds of people, and ruled over a personal empire of mansions, airplanes, a private zoo, and his own army of soldiers and hardened criminals. Fast Facts: Pablo Escobar Known For: Escobar ran the Medellà ­n drug cartel, one of the largest criminal organizations in the world.Also Known As: Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria, The King of CocaineBorn: December 1, 1949 in Rionegro, ColombiaParents: Abel de Jesà ºs Dari Escobar Echeverri and Hemilda de los Dolores Gaviria Berrà ­oDied: December 2, 1993 in Medellà ­n, ColombiaSpouse: Maria Victoria Henao (m.  1976)Children: Sebastin Marroquà ­n  (born  Juan Pablo Escobar Henao), Manuela Escobar 1:29 Watch Now: 8 Fascinating Facts About Pablo Escobar Early Life Escobar was born on December 1, 1949, into a lower-middle-class family and grew up in Medellà ­n, Colombia. As a young man, he was driven and ambitious, telling friends and family that he wanted to be the president of Colombia someday. He got his start as a street criminal. According to legend, Escobar would steal tombstones, sandblast the names off of them, and resell them to crooked Panamanians. Later, he moved up to stealing cars. It was in the 1970s that he found his path to wealth and power: drugs. He would buy coca paste in Bolivia and Peru, refine it, and transport it for sale in the United States. Rise to Power In 1975, a local Medellà ­n drug lord named Fabio Restrepo was murdered, reportedly on the orders of Escobar himself. Stepping into the power vacuum, Escobar took over Restrepo’s organization and expanded his operations. Before long, Escobar  controlled all organized crime in Medellà ­n and was responsible for as much as 80 percent of the cocaine  transported into the United States. In 1982, he was elected to Colombia’s Congress. With economic, criminal, and political power, Escobar’s rise was complete. In 1976, Escobar married 15-year-old Maria Victoria Henao Vellejo, and they would later have two children, Juan Pablo and Manuela. Escobar was famous for his extramarital affairs and tended to prefer underage girls. One of his girlfriends, Virginia Vallejo, went on to become a famous Colombian television personality. In spite of his affairs, he remained married to Marà ­a Victoria until his death. Narcoterrorism As the leader of the Medellà ­n Cartel, Escobar quickly became legendary for his ruthlessness, and an increasing number of  politicians, judges, and policemen publicly opposed him. Escobar had a way of dealing with his enemies: he called it plata o plomo (silver or lead). If a politician, judge, or policeman got in his way, he would almost always first attempt to bribe him or her. If that didn’t work, he would order the person killed, occasionally including the victims family in the hit. The exact number of men and women killed by Escobar is unknown, but it certainly goes well into the hundreds and possibly into the thousands. Social status did not matter to Escobar; if he wanted you out of the way, hed get you out of the way. He ordered the assassination of presidential candidates and was even rumored to be behind the 1985 attack on the Supreme Court, carried out by the 19th of April insurrectionist movement, in which several Supreme Court justices were killed. On November 27, 1989, Escobar’s cartel planted a bomb on Avianca flight 203, killing 110 people. The target, a presidential candidate, was not actually on board. In addition to these high-profile assassinations, Escobar  and his organization were responsible for the deaths of countless magistrates, journalists, policemen, and even criminals inside his own organization. Height of His Power By the mid-1980s, Escobar was one of  the most powerful men in the world, and Forbes magazine listed him as the seventh richest. His empire included an army of soldiers and criminals, a private zoo, mansions  and apartments all over Colombia, private airstrips and planes for drug transport, and personal wealth reported to be in the neighborhood of $24 billion. Escobar could order the murder of anyone, anywhere, anytime. He was a brilliant criminal, and he knew that he would be safer if the common people of Medellà ­n loved him. Therefore, he spent millions on parks, schools, stadiums, churches, and even housing for the poorest of Medellà ­n’s inhabitants. His strategy worked- Escobar was beloved by the common people, who saw him as a local boy who had done well and was giving back to his community. Legal Troubles Escobar’s first serious run-in with the law came in 1976  when he and some of his associates were caught returning from a drug run to Ecuador. Escobar ordered the killing of the arresting officers, and the case was soon dropped. Later, at the height of his power, Escobar’s wealth and ruthlessness made it almost impossible for Colombian authorities to bring him to justice. Any time an attempt was made to limit his power, those responsible were bribed, killed, or otherwise neutralized. The pressure was mounting, however, from the United States government, which wanted Escobar extradited to face drug charges. He had to use all of his power to prevent extradition. In 1991, due to increasing pressure from the U.S., the Colombian government  and Escobar’s lawyers came up with an interesting arrangement. Escobar would turn himself in and serve a five-year jail term. In return, he would build his own prison and would not be extradited to the United States or anywhere else. The prison, La Catedral, was an elegant fortress which featured a Jacuzzi, a waterfall, a full bar, and a soccer field. In addition, Escobar had negotiated the right to select his own â€Å"guards.† He ran his empire from inside La Catedral, giving orders by telephone. There were no other prisoners in La Catedral. Today, La Catedral is in ruins, having been hacked to pieces by treasure hunters looking for hidden Escobar loot. On the Run Everyone knew that Escobar was still running his operation from La Catedral, but in July 1992 it became known that the drug kingpin had ordered some disloyal underlings brought to his â€Å"prison,† where they were tortured and killed. This was too much for even the Colombian government, and plans were made to transfer Escobar to a standard prison. Fearing he might be extradited, Escobar escaped and went into hiding. The U.S. government and local police ordered a massive manhunt. By late 1992, there were two organizations searching for him: the Search Bloc, a special, U.S.-trained Colombian task force, and â€Å"Los Pepes,† a shadowy organization of Escobar’s enemies made up of family members of his victims and financed by Escobar’s main business rival, the Cali Cartel. Death On December 2, 1993, Colombian security forces- using U.S. technology- located Escobar hiding in a home in a middle-class section of Medellà ­n. The Search Bloc moved in, triangulated his position, and attempted to bring him into custody. Escobar fought back, however, and there was a shootout. Escobar was eventually gunned down as he attempted to escape on the rooftop. Although he was also shot in the torso and leg, the fatal wound passed through his ear, leading many to believe that Escobar committed suicide. Others believe one of the Colombian policemen fired the bullet. Legacy With Escobar gone, the Medellà ­n Cartel quickly lost power to its rival, the Cali Cartel, which remained dominant until the Colombian government shut it down in the mid-1990s. Escobar is still remembered by the poor of Medellà ­n as a benefactor. He has been the subject of numerous books, movies, and television series, including Narcos and Escobar: Paradise Lost. Many people remain fascinated by the master criminal, who once ruled one of the largest drug empires in history. Sources Gaviria, Roberto Escobar, and David Fisher. The Accountants Story: inside the Violent World of the Medellin Cartel. Grand Central Pub., 2010.Vallejo, Virginia, and Megan McDowell. Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar. Vintage Books, 2018.

Latin Derivatives essays

Latin Derivatives essays Vocabulary/Derivatives/Grammar/Spelling # The Word Date Occasion/Circumstance How Latin Helped 1. Incognito 9/10 I was reading Catcher in the Rye It comes from incognitus meaning not know. The character doesnt want to see anyone he knows, so he travels incognito. 2. Pulchritudinous 9/12 I was studying for the SAT I. I saw this in the analogy section. I knew that it comes from the Latin word pulcher meaning beautiful. 3. Versatility 9/25 I was listening to the radio and there was a Dodge commercial on and they said Versatility from the Latin Versatilis meaning turning easily. I knew that the word was related to verto. 4. Ubiquitous 9/26 I saw it on PSATs. I knew ubi from Latin so I knew it had to do something about a place. I looked it up and found out that it means present everywhere at once. 5. Latus Rectum 10/1 In Pre-Calculus, our teacher was reviewing parabolas and we she started talking about the latus rectum. I looked up another definition for latus because the definition I was thinking of did not fit. I translated it as straight side. 6. Gubernatorial 10/2 I saw this in the newspaper. I remember seeing gubernator in a translation, and I remember it having to do with controlling a ships direction. Since I saw it talking about a candidate running for governor, I translated it as having to do with leading people. 7. Impede 10/2 I saw it in our Vocabulary Energizers in English class. I already knew the Latin word it came from impedio meaning hinder. 8 Expedite 10/4 I saw it in our Vocabulary Energizers in English class. I knew that I came from two words: e meaning out and ped meaning foot. 9. Tenet 10/5 In a game show, there was a question that had a few words, and asked which of the words was the definit...

A tortoise and a mouse Essays

A tortoise and a mouse Essays A tortoise and a mouse Essay A tortoise and a mouse Essay A TORTOISE AND A MOUSE A mouse is romping throughout the house and run across a tortoise which is moving toilsomely under its carapace. The mouse whacks its tail and slightly opens its mouth and comes close to and complains for the tortoise: You are confided in this carapace just like in a dark Jail. And yet you can endure this miserable condition! As for me, throughout this whole brightly decorated palace, I can freely stroll up, down, in and ut After hearing rhis, the tortoise retorts: It is true that my house is small, but it is really my own. Yours is tall and spacious but it belongs to another possessor. We inhabit out own house which, regardless of its smallness. Is better than someone elses palace. A TORTOISE AND A MOUSE out After hearing rhis, the tortoise retorts: It is true that my house is small, but it is elses palace. A TORTOISE AND A MOUSE and comes close to and complains for the tortoise: you are confided in this carapace elses palace.

The Nature Of The Human Soul Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Nature Of The Human Soul - Term Paper Example type of approach used 2. mortality status 3. purpose 4. knowledge 5. types or parts of the soul 6. distinguishing characteristics 7. relation between body and soul 8. origin Plato takes a spiritual approach to understanding the nature of the soul. He sees the soul as an immortal being, whose origin is in a spiritual world of perfect forms. He contrasts this with the physical world, which is a mere imitation of this perfection (Page, 2003). There are three phases of the soul, relative to humans. There is a prenatal phase, the embodiment phase, and a postmortem phase. Plato believes that reason, emotion and desire comprise the soul (Velitchkov, 2009). They function with sequential differences from the womb, through life and after death. The purpose of the soul, from Plato’s perspective, is to carry knowledge to the body, but its duration there is of little meaning, since true meaning can only be in the spiritual world of perfect forms, not in this imitation world. In fact, Plato feels that the soul is distinct from the body, pre-dates and outlasts it, is imprisoned by the body, and achieves liberation only at death. Conflicts arise among human thoughts (connected to upper body tension), spiritual experience (connected to the chest area), and desires or appetites (connected to the lower region of the body) (Page, 2003). Knowledge is not so much transmitted as it is remembered, since the soul carries knowledge from one incarnation to the next, Plato’s version of anamnesis (Kowalczyk, n.d.). I support Plato’s spiritual approach. The soul cannot be measured by science, as it is apparently not bound by the laws of physics, the way the body and physical world are. I also support Plato’s theory that the soul is immortal, that it belongs to a world of spiritual perfection, of which our physical reality is a substandard imitation. At night, when I dream, I experience myself flying and changing physical reality with focused intention. I do not c onsider this to be my imagination, but rather my soul’s memory and deeper understanding of reality and thought. I believe that experience of freedom from the body is real, more real than body reality. Not only in dreams, but also in hypnosis, or with the inspiration of hallucinogens, or in a near-death experience, or other out of body experience, one can remember and appreciate freedom from the body. I support Plato’s contention that the soul carries all knowledge across incarnations, and brings it to the body in each current incarnation, so that it must be remembered and not re-learned (anamnesis) (Kowalczyk, n.d.). I believe this because of my own experience. For example, sometimes a friend or even a stranger approaches me and begins to outline a deep problem or confusion they are struggling with. I cannot possibly have all the answers, based solely on current life experience and education. Yet, once a deep rapport is established, my soul speaks. Of course the sound is my voice and comes from my body, and what I say is embroidered with my own thoughts. But the essence that flows freely is my soul, and not my body. Of this I am certain. I have had the experience of driving a car and becoming lost in thoughts, having no knowledge of where I am, passing my destination by miles. At such times, it seems clear to me that I am not in a safe state to be driving, since I am

Competitive and Strategic Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Competitive and Strategic Analysis - Assignment Example Corporate strategy: Corporate strategy on the other hand is the overall and general scope as well as the direction that a corporation takes in relation to its activities in the various departments. It is not specific, but gives a glimpse and idea on how all the operations of the various departments contribute to the general good performance of the corporation. Business strategy: Business strategy refers to the choices and decisions made in a company or corporation to realize a long-term value while at the same time achieving the desired objectives of the company or the corporation in question. It is the means of maximizing the outcome in a companys production system or in realizing the maximum profit from a company. At Best Buy, the functional strategy is vital in the marketing department because it is in this operational department that the customers will be able to familiarize themselves with the company and get to purchase the products. Any strategy put in place in this department is important because it affects the entire business outcome of the company. Marketing thus is the functional division of this company that is useful as the company does not produce its own electronics fully and yet it is a retailer competing with thousands of other retailers. Packaging the marketing team with the right and consistent information will thus affect the entire outcome of the company and affects all other departments. The function essential to the goal of 2014, which is expanding the number of stores, is proper marketing in the new zones of operation. The marketing strategy should be so that it captures the tiny little details and appeals to customers all across the boards as it redefines Best Buy as th e best brand in the market. The marketing team should advertise the company as the best brand available in the market and at the same time gives customers the incentives necessary to have the goods and electrical items from the

The impact of subculture on consumer behavior Research Paper

The impact of subculture on consumer behavior - Research Paper Example The paper discusses the different types of subcultures. The age and the ethnic subculture are discussed in detail. Due to the varied nature of consumer preferences that have emerged as a consequence of subcultures, the managers have to spend time and resources in construing a marketing mix that caters maximally to the diverse needs of consumers. A business culture is defined as the set of shared values, perceptions, attitudes and the philosophies of an organization. These values are instilled into the employees through the mission statement of the organization. The mainstream culture of the organization is reflected in its subcultures. Consumption helps to construct an identity for the consumer (Saren, 2007). Subculture refers to the pockets or segments of culture that show variations in attitudes, customs, values and norms as a result of geographical distances or the departmental aims or job requirements of an organization (BusinessDictionary.com, 2010). The Consumer Culture Theory helps to explain the relationships between the consumers, their consumption practices and their socio-cultural systems and analyzes cultural meaning systems (Arnould & Thompson, 2005). Subcultures operate within the broader perspective of the professional culture; yet, subcultures are different from the main culture since the people forming the subculture have some degree of difference in their values and behaviors. There are various types of subcultures present in an organization. Some subcultures have a major impact on the organizational policy, whereas others are barely conspicuous and unimportant. This paper attempts to explore the impact subculture has on consumer behavior. Gattorna (2009) observes that the dynamic alignment concept involves the alignment and integration of four elements: the market place, the responses to consumer demands, the internal cultural

Oil And Food Commodities Prices. Oil prices effect on agricultural Term Paper

Oil And Food Commodities Prices. Oil prices effect on agricultural commodity prices in Latin American Nations - Term Paper Example To achieve this objective, this paper investigated the agricultural food prices for seven major farm products namely meat, oilseed, egg, rice, wheat, milk and sugar. On the other hand, the macroeconomic investigated were fossil crude oil prices, agricultural food prices indexes, GDP and consumer price index around Latin America as from 1963 to 2007. The study applied the use of Scree test and the magnitude of the variance method for measuring the optimal value of the common factors. The relationship coefficient that existed between the obtained principal function or component and the macro-economic index fluctuates between 0.87 for Latin America GDP and 0.36 for the consumer price index (CPI). According to the findings, agricultural food production index has the largest impacts on the macro-economic index and similarly the crude fossil oil has the greatest influence on the agricultural food production index and as a consequent, the prices of crude has a direct impacts and influence o n the agricultural food prices in Latin America. In the economic advancement process, food supply and its security are imperative issues. Therefore, food prices are an essential effective variable that have a direct effect on its supply and demand. Ever soaring food prices and cases of food riots across the globe and more important in Latin America have heightened concerns about the world food supply and food security. Food prices of major arable agricultural products

Electronic Waste Management Approaches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Electronic Waste Management Approaches - Essay Example The disposal of electronic waste affects the health of humans in two ways. First, one can get contaminated through the food chain. Secondly, direct exposure to workers carrying out the duties at the disposal site. Since the discovery of toxic substance in electronic waste, there has been inadequate laws all over the world governing effective management of electronic waste. This has exposed the environment to risks. Large quantities of electronic waste are majorly recycled in developing nations. The number of landfills has been on the rise in both developing and developed countries. Presently there is extensive research on electronic waste management in order to minimize the problems, both at the international as well as the national levels. Research involves sorting components that could be precious metals and those that can be recycled. Several tools such as LCA, MCA, MFA and EPR approach can greatly improve most of the problems related electronic waste. Studies conducted using LCA in various countries indicate that, recycling is the most recommended plot for managing electronic waste. Finally to mitigate the electronic waste, its the role of every citizen to take responsibility in matters related disposal of electronic

Oil And Food Commodities Prices. Oil prices effect on agricultural Term Paper

Oil And Food Commodities Prices. Oil prices effect on agricultural commodity prices in Latin American Nations - Term Paper Example To achieve this objective, this paper investigated the agricultural food prices for seven major farm products namely meat, oilseed, egg, rice, wheat, milk and sugar. On the other hand, the macroeconomic investigated were fossil crude oil prices, agricultural food prices indexes, GDP and consumer price index around Latin America as from 1963 to 2007. The study applied the use of Scree test and the magnitude of the variance method for measuring the optimal value of the common factors. The relationship coefficient that existed between the obtained principal function or component and the macro-economic index fluctuates between 0.87 for Latin America GDP and 0.36 for the consumer price index (CPI). According to the findings, agricultural food production index has the largest impacts on the macro-economic index and similarly the crude fossil oil has the greatest influence on the agricultural food production index and as a consequent, the prices of crude has a direct impacts and influence o n the agricultural food prices in Latin America. In the economic advancement process, food supply and its security are imperative issues. Therefore, food prices are an essential effective variable that have a direct effect on its supply and demand. Ever soaring food prices and cases of food riots across the globe and more important in Latin America have heightened concerns about the world food supply and food security. Food prices of major arable agricultural products

In The Name of Identity by Amin Maalouf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In The Name of Identity by Amin Maalouf - Essay Example Humans cling to their identities through habits that are inherited through generations. It is necessary to accept all identities and identify personal individuality for a better society. Â  The book presents an interesting philosophy towards ethnic forms of identity. The roots of passion and hate are commonly based on such identities and inclinations, and this is mostly unsafe behavior. Such behaviors can be easily forgotten if they are examined closely. However, Maalouf does not believe that all is lost and that there is still faith in humanity if only cultural and religious bearings are given a philosophical thought. Through his argument, it is evident that globalization has both good and negative effects, depending on the form of identity one assumes. For instance, Muslims wage holy war based on their religious inclination. Instead of seeing terrorism as something bad, it is categorized as jihad. Â  People may change their beliefs, and can even change their religion entirely. Malouf is introduced as an Arabic-speaking Lebanese Christian who dwells in France. Greek and Roman philosophy provides the basis for most forms of religion. These philosophies are what have guided the thoughts that most religious inclinations present. However, globalization gradually introduced the diversity and multiculturalism that is seen in the present societal context. Â  Living in other regions far from home presents an identity dilemma that most people cannot handle. This is especially true in cases where the person is not familiar with the local language. A Muslim living in America may see oneself as more of American than an Arab. While identity cannot be grouped, it always brings some form of confusion, especially if there are questions asked. This happens on a national and international scale to most foreigners. In addition, they may be labeled based on the stereotypes people have of such identities. Â  

Crisis Management Essay Example for Free

Crisis Management Essay Crisis management is easily becoming a concern and priority because of the needs of the modern world. More than ever, there is advancement in technology. Technology can be used to assist prepare for crisis and to make them more manageable. Man made crisis can arise from disasters created by human activity like bombs or war equipment. They require preparedness so as to minimize or eradicate effects on society. Crisis from natural disasters like tsunami, volcanoes also require preparedness since even when they can be predicted, their effects can be quite extensive and hard to wholly avoid. An earthquake of 8. 9 magnitude hit Indonesia, creating a tsunami that led to extensive costs in human life, buildings and finances. As a result, many countries accessed their crisis management systems so as to be prepared in future against such a disaster. Tsunami emergency management systems Due to the 2004 tsunami disaster, countries have amplified their systems for warning, planning and monitoring tsunami. TsunamiReady is such an initiative encouraging alliance between several sectors. StormReady cites these sectors are emergency management agencies in the local, state and federal levels as well as the National Weather Service and general public population. The first task of the alliance is to create tsunami awareness among the population. More awareness will lead to better response. Concentration is on those who are more vulnerable, for example, those along the coasts who would be in direct line of a tsunami. An example is the Australian Tsunami Warning System that deals with exclusively with tsunamis. Governments have launched initiatives to assist in this. In the UK, for example, the contingency planning outlines the management of a crisis from what constitutes a crisis, its declaration as a crisis, what follows after and the role of the various part in the management. In this case, a crisis is an occurrence within the UK threatening grave harm to the public wellbeing (Civil Contingencies Act 2004). It outlines the responsibility of the leaders and accountability. The programs responsible for tsunami crisis management are operated in coordination with Meteorology, Geosciences, and Emergency Management departments. It is through this effort that communities can be served effective tsunami warnings. Information and knowledge gathered by individual countries is also contributing towards international establishment of regional Tsunami Warning System, for example, Indian Ocean Tsunami warnings, West Pacific tsunami warnings among others. These tsunami warning services provide 24hour analysis and monitoring of tsunamis. Documented seismic and sea-level networks are continually extended to facilitate efficient tsunami warnings. They are also actively involved in improving community tsunami training and education programs countrywide. Governments have also set aside radio service that will be operational during tsunami crisis and the frequencies distributed to those at the coastline so that communication can be facilitated during threats of tsunami. National websites have been set for these areas for updates and warnings including tracking tsunami movements. In additional, toll free emergency telephone numbers for tsunami crisis have been set aside in many countries for the dispensation of information. In the America pacific area, tsunami threat is handled by the StormReady under Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Its one of the programs affiliated with TsunamiReady. It was created in Oklahoma USA in 1999. Its main goal is to assist communities increase safety and communication skills. These two skills are important before, during and after a crisis. StormReady (2010) assists those responsible for community wellbeing to reinforce local safety programs through more education and awareness and better planning. Interagency coordination According University of Defense ( 2003. p. 3) managing crisis effectively means a synchronized addressing of all spheres of a crisis. The University of Defense (2003. p. 3) states that these spheres could be the political, diplomatic, economic, humanitarian or social. Without coordination in planning, operations and communication it is easy for responsibilities to be unmet because it’s unclear whose obligation it is. Interagency coordination also assists maximize efforts and avoid redundancy. When each agency concentrates on one area, another takes a different route and more service and help is offered to those in need. Government role in a crisis Haddow et al (2008, p. 9) states that the government has a major role to play in helping its citizens prepare for crisis like the tsunami crisis. One of the best things the government can do is grant funding that will facilitate smooth running of emergency management services. Paramount in crisis management is education of its citizens, coordination of evacuation procedures and funding for recovery efforts. It is not easy to know the best way to respond to a threat when one does not know the nature of the threat. If a threat is from weather, the citizens need to know all the aspects that are involved and how to respond. Education should aim to educate those who are especially vulnerable. For tsunami, all those on the front shores, coastlines, or are involved in marine life should be well educated as to proper response incase of a crisis. According to Haddow et al (2008, p. 101) The local communities on their part should seek to educate its local population before a crisis hits. They should ensure continuous education and that the local population is well knowledgeable on the crisis that are most likely to affect them and they are able to respond in an effective way incase of a crisis. Practice should be used so that all members of a family, for example, know what to do incase of a crisis. The government should also ensure effective communication before, during and after a crisis. That way, it is able to give warning in time, communicate evacuation routes, assist with information during evacuation and offer necessary services in any aftermath. Some of the services that the government can offer during a crisis proposed by Haddow et al (2008, p. 105) are search and rescue missions, medical services and food provisions to survivors. The role of media in a crisis The media tends to provide information fast. Due to modern technology, the media is able to relay information widely too. During the 2004 tsunami crisis, the local media coverage drew attention to what was happening. Although the tsunami was not expected, media worldwide was able to communicate the disaster and rescue missions were launched. This was one instance where the media really played a crucial role in dispensing information. Sommers et al ( 2006, p. 1) states that media raises awareness and can be challenging to authorities as was seen in the hurricane Katrina disaster. It is argued that sometimes also becomes directly involved in the events as happened in New Orleans during the disaster. However, media can be discriminatory in its coverage. Even as media was creating tremendous awareness on the situation, its response was considered sluggish. In an ironical twist, racism was blamed for the slow response to the disaster by media even as the media blamed the government’s slow response on racism as Sommers pointed out (2006. p. 2). Sommers et al ( 2006, p. ) found that sometimes the media can also pick a spin on a crisis that might not be of most importance as long as it will give their news an edge. This has been cited as what happened during hurricane Katrina where there was undue focus was on crime happening. Sommers et al ( 2006, p. 7) also argues that media is also prone to exaggerations especially in the heat of the making of a story as was also evident in hurricane Katrina coverage. Public perception during a crisis Public perception in crisis is largely influenced by information that the public receives. This is because in most cases the public is far from firsthand information. If they receive erroneous information from the media or government, they will respond according to that. Sommers (2006, p. 8) found that in the case of hurricane Katrina crisis the emphasis on crime coverage may have greatly discouraged some individuals from rescue efforts and had potential to bias people outside that state. In the age of free media where overload of information seems like the norm, the role of responsible media coverage can not be over emphasized in the formation of healthy public perception. While crisis are hard to deal with, the media can find itself pressured to create scapegoats when the public wants to allocate blame. In the case of 2004 tsunami many reports especially on the Internet tried to blame the victims, global warming, western countries and even God. It can sometimes feel easier to blame victims for what happens to reduce feelings of vulnerability in the general population as Sommers et al noted (2006. p. 9) Post crisis recovery and continuity strategies Post recovery and continuity plan are integral parts of managing a crisis. The process of crisis management is not over until those affected are able to continue with their economic, social and productive life. According to research by Gartner (2001, p. 2) the economic aspect is especially imperative since it accelerates the recovery of businesses and thus peoples lives and their communities. Post crisis recovery strategies need to be in place before the disaster for best effect. It is necessary to set recovery objectives. Gartner cites one of the most important post recovery strategies as recovery of data and critical technology. Loss of information is one of the hindrances to quick recovery. For example, businesses find it important to have human resource information so that it can facilitate services to its employees, for example, as they claim benefits. Another strategy is government funding and dispensation of emergency funds. Finances play a big part in the recovery process especially in rebuilding. Finances also facilitate businesses to begin their functions and rebuilding of communities can begin. Gartner (2001, p. ) states that in addition governments require financial institutions to continue their services in areas hit by crisis as a means of encouraging growth and to avoid disruption of economic endeavors. This was helpful after hurricane Katrina for example. Through policing peace and security are enforced to avoid lawlessness. Other human needs are addressed through various agencies offering humanitarian assistance that caters for social requirements. Doctors and counselors are especially helpful in dealing with the physical and psychological effects of a crisis. Conclusion Crisis can come from human activities or through natural forces. It can be hard to anticipate them. Even when they are anticipated, it might not be easy to avoid their impact on communities. There is better preparedness today against crisis but at the same time, there are increasing threats to human wellbeing. While nature continues to threaten human wellbeing with better planning and execution of crisis management much of the effects can be reduced. Human threats like chemical warfare are best avoided and stringent measures put in place to reduce loss.

Relationship Between Exports and Trade

Relationship Between Exports and Trade Methodology Empirical Strategy The primary objective of this paper is to determine whether there is a main difference in the causal relationship between exports and trade finance among two groups of countries classified based on their financial systems; bank-based and market-based. As outlined in the literature review section, there are contradicting empirical and theoretical evidence on the impact of trade finance on exports and thus, the secondary objectives are first to determine the significance of this impact using my own proxy for trade finance and then, to capture the effect of the financial crisis on this causal link between exports and trade finance. Data Sources and Measurement Technique Annual data for 19 countries ranging in the period 2001 to 2011 have been used for the empirical analysis of this paper. All data used for the 10 annual observations for these countries were obtained from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. The estimation technique in this paper generally follows the model used by Liston and McNeil (2013) but contains several modifications and extensions due to unavailability of data and different objective. They constructed both an export volume equation and an import volume equation to analyze international trade. The common variables included in both equations are real exports (exportst,j), real imports (importst,j), real gross domestic product which is equivalent to real gross national income (GNIt,j) , export demand (EXDEMt,j), real effective exchange rates (REERt,j), trade finance (FINt.j) and a dummy variable (Dcrisis) that takes a value of 0 from the period starting 2000 to 2007 and zero otherwise. Additionally, there are other dummy variables which classified countries based on their financial systems and they are structure size dummy (DUMMY1t,j) and structure activity dummy (DUMMY2t,j). Structure size dummy takes a value of 1 for countries with higher means ratio of market cap to bank credit as compared to structure activity variable which takes a value of 1 for countries with higher means ratio of value of shares traded to bank credit and 0 otherwise. Real exports and real imports are measured in constant 2005 U.S dollars and as for export demand, it represents market share. In this paper, the proxy for export demand differs from that of Liston and McNeil (2013) due to model modification and instead, the ratio of individual country’s export to world exports is used to represent market share as opposed to the ratio of the sum of imports to the sum of exports. Similarly, the proxy for trade finance is different in this paper due to data unavailability. Nevertheless, short-term net flows on external debt are instead used as the proxy for trade finance. Short-term net flows on external debt represent net lending received by the borrower during the year where the maturity of the debt is one year or less. The rationale behind using this proxy for trade finance is that trade finance is basically a short term debt used to carry on trade and hence, an increase in trade finance should be reflected in an increase in the proxy used. Mo reover, due to unavailability of data for real domestic product, it is substituted by gross national income and in theory, they should be equivalent. The last discrepancy from the paper of Liston and McNeill (2013) is that as a substitute for real exchange rate, real effective exchange rate index is used in this paper where 2005=100 for the index and REERi,j is included to account for relative prices between countries. Empirical Model To investigate whether financial system and trade finance affect trade flows, panel data models are estimated. The models consist of 16 countries which most of them are developing or under-developed countries. Interestingly, empirical studies such as Liston and McNeil (2013) demonstrated that countries with lower level of financial development give a higher importance to trade finance compared to developed countries and hence, the relationship between trade finance and exports should be high in this paper. The export volume specification is described as: Log(exportst,j),= ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1log(EXDEMt,j) + ÃŽ ±2 REERt,j + ÃŽ ±3 FINt.j + ÃŽ ±4FINt.j* DUMMY1t,j + ÃŽ ±5FINt.j* DUMMY2t,j + ÃŽ ±6FINt.j* DUMMY3t,J + Â µt,j (1) Where exportst,j are real exports for the jth country at time t, EXDEMt,j represents export demand, REERt,j is the real effective exchange rate index, FINt,j is the trade finance proxy, DUMMYt captures effects of the financial crisis as it is 1 for the years 2008 and onwards and 0 otherwise and DUMMY1t,j, DUMMY2t,j and DUMMY3t,j represent the classification of countries into 2 groups by financial system upon structure size, structure activity and financial structure respectively. As for import volume specification, it is arranged as: Log(importst,j)= ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1log(GDIt,j) + ÃŽ ±2 REERt,j + ÃŽ ±3 FINt.j + ÃŽ ±4FINt.j* DUMMY1t,j + ÃŽ ±5FINt.j* DUMMY2t,j + ÃŽ ±6FINt.j* DUMMY3t,J + vt,j (2) Where importst,j are real imports for the jth country at time t and GNIt,j is the real gross domestic income for the jth country. All other variables are the same as that in the export volume specification. Expected Signs of Variables All the variables included are expected to have some impact on international trade and the expected effect of these variables on exports and imports are given in table 1. Table 1. Overview of expected effects of variables used on exports and imports Variables Expected effects on Exports Expected effects on Imports Export demand positive Real Effective Exchange Rate negative positive Trade Finance positive positive Gross Domestic Income positive As export demand in this paper represents exports market share, an increase in export demand should also generate an increase in exports. Real effective exchange should have a negative impact on exports and a positive impact on imports respectively because when a country’s currency strengthen, its exports become less competitive whereas its price of imports become cheaper and imports tend to increase. Moreover, an increase in trade finance should have a positive effect on both exports and imports. Trade finance is used to fund firms for them to be able to continue exports and imports also should increase due to the imports of raw materials used for exports. Also, as gross domestic income increases, demand for foreign goods increases and thus, imports are also expected to increase. Estimation Technique Both equations (1) and (2) are estimated first by their base models to analyze the common explanatory variables for export and import volumes. In the export volume equation, the base model includes export demand (EXDEM) and real effective exchange rate (REER) whereas in the import volume equation, instead of including export demand (EXDEM), real gross domestic income (GNI) is included. Then the base models are extended by including the proxy for trade finance (FIN). Log(exportst,j),= ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1log(EXDEMt,j) + ÃŽ ±2 REERt,j + ÃŽ ±3 FINt.j + Â µt,j (3) Log(importst,j)= ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1log(GDIt,j) + ÃŽ ±2 REERt,j + ÃŽ ±3 FINt.j + vt,j (4) Equations 5 and 6 are then extended by adding dummy variables which represent financial system of a country. The dummy variable takes the value of 1 when a country is classified as market based and 0 otherwise. Separately, they are interacted with proxy for trade finance which will enable the analysis of whether between market and bank based economies are more dependent on trade finance or there is no difference at all. Log(exportst,j),= ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1log(EXDEMt,j) + ÃŽ ±2 REERt,j + ÃŽ ±3 FINt.j + ÃŽ ±4FINt.j* DUMMY1t,j + ÃŽ ±5FINt.j* DUMMY2t,j+ Â µt,j (5) Log(importst,j)= ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1log(GDIt,j) + ÃŽ ±2 REERt,j + ÃŽ ±3 FINt.j + ÃŽ ±4FINt.j* DUMMY1t,j + ÃŽ ±5FINt.j* DUMMY2t,j + vt,j (6) Finally, equations 5-8 are enhanced to include a dummy variable Dcrisis which captures the effect of the financial crisis and which takes the value of 1 for the period 2008 to 2011 and 0 for the period of 2000 to 2007. By adding this structural break, during the crisis, it is expected that exports will be more reliant on trade finance in general due to turmoil in financial markets and the presence of a liquidity crunch. Additionally, whether how this affected the analysis made from the interactions of the dummy variables in equation 5 and 6 needs to be tested and analyzed. The results of the panel data regression and its analysis are provided in the next section. Log(exportst,j),= ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1log(EXDEMt,j) + ÃŽ ±2 REERt,j + ÃŽ ±3 FINt.j + Dcrisis + Â µt,j (7) Log(importst,j)= ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1log(GDIt,j) + ÃŽ ±2 REERt,j + ÃŽ ±3 FINt.j + Dcrisis + vt,j (8) Log(exportst,j),= ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1log(EXDEMt,j) + ÃŽ ±2 REERt,j + ÃŽ ±3 FINt.j + ÃŽ ±4FINt.j* DUMMY1t,j + ÃŽ ±5FINt.j* DUMMY2t,j + Dcrisis + Â µt,j (9) Log(importst,j)= ÃŽ ±0 + ÃŽ ±1log(GDIt,j) + ÃŽ ±2 REERt,j + ÃŽ ±3 FINt.j + ÃŽ ±4FINt.j* DUMMY1t,j + ÃŽ ±5FINt.j* DUMMY2t,j + Dcrisis + vt,j (10)

A Modest Proposal Essay -- essays research papers

Have You Eaten Yet?: Swift’s Final Solution As a lately favored eighteenth century essay, Jonathan Swift’s "Proposal" has been canonized as a satirical model of wit. As will be discussed shortly, Swift’s essay is often seen as an allegory for England’s oppression of Ireland. Swift, himself and Irishman (Tucker 142), would seem to have pointed his razor wit against the foreign nation responsible for his city’s ruin. Wearing the lens of a New Historicist, however, requires that we reexamine the power structures at work in Swift’s society. We must delve into not only Swift’s "Proposal," but also into other of his correspondence, and even into discourse of the epoch in order to gain a thick description of the many levels of understanding present in Swift’s "Proposal." As a model of rhetorical discourse, Jonathan Swift’s "A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burthen to Their Parents or Country, and for Making them Beneficial to the Public" is unique among the plethora of pamphlets which circulated Ireland in the early eighteenth century. However, it is imprudent to think of the work as having emerged purely isolated from the pressures of the society in which Swift wrote. While propositions such as "A Modest Proposal for the More Certain and yet More Easie Provision for the Poor, and Likewise for the Better Suppression of Theives†¦Tending Much to the Advancement of Trade, Especially in the most Profitable Part of It," (Author Unknown, Cited in Rawson 189) were commonly circulated in order to postulate solutions to the crises of the day, Jonathan Swift’s "Proposal" has been read as a parody of this sort of pamphlet (Rawson 189). There can be no solid support for such a thesis, and it would be wrong to infer that what is at work in Swift’s "Proposal" in any important sense is a burlesque on project concerning the poor or on the titles of certain types of economic tracts. The mimicry of these things which Swift employs is but seasoning, and not the main point. Likewise, to suggest that Swift was radically attacking the notion of economic planning of human affairs, or even that his attitude on certain central questions was humane or liberal is misleading. The majority of interp... ...ocaust becomes a close analogue to the "proposal," since the problem, whose formulation and very existence might elsewhere seem preposterous, underwent a Final Solution with hideous efficiency. This comparison reinforces the point that the "proposal" is not a sheer fantasy, nor a sardonically frivolous gesture of despair. With a New Historic lens, we must examine the interplay of interpretations of the history we have been taught. As Tyson puts it, "had the Nazis won World War II, we would all be reading a very different account of the war." (Tyson 282) We cannot be satisfied with any interpretation of history which relies on subjective information. It is not surprising that the targets of Swift’s satire cannot be, and are not meant to be, clearly distinguished from one another, nor that Swift’s allegiances between the English, the Anglo-Irish, and the natives are blurred and fluctuating things. These confusions provide essential energies of Swift’s style. The "Modest Proposal" clearly is an embodiment of the complexities and contradictions of the English-Irish relationship in the eighteenth century.

All Quiet on the Western Front :: essays papers

All Quiet on the Western Front Mental abuse is sometimes overlooked, because of the rough physical abuse, but soldiers see a good side of both during wars. Maria Remarque shows the mental part of abuse on the book All Quiet on the Western Front. The narrator discusses all the hard times that went on during World War I, all through the book. Paul Baumer, the narrator, explains it when he and his friends enter the German army, very deeply although he is only eighteen. Baumer tells a story about fighting for their own sanity as well as their country. As the war begun, he and his friends got an real look at what the war was truly about. This book shows the conflict coming during the actual war, the boys use their spirits to try to overcome it. But the mind against reality that is described in the books, gives them a reality check on how life really is. During the beginning of the book, Remarque explains the boy's job, relating it to how hard it is to be in the war. Their was always something, not getting much sle ep, relieving the front line, and they also didn't have much to eat. What was going to happen, is described good by the way that the author talked about the life of the soldiers, but the boys failed to realize reality. Thinking that the war was just an ideal character. Convincing the reader to believe the boys didn't know the risk they were taking by being in this war. They way the boys viewed it, shows that, true their are some hard times in wars, but their minds are young and they thought it was just another thing to talk about. When they should have been taking things more serious, but thinking about the good parts helped them to keep a hold on their sanity. "They ought to have been mediators and guides to the world of maturity, the world of work, of duty, of culture, of progress to the future", was the beliefs of the boys after their friend Behn dies. Their generation thought that the authorities were going to look after, and take care of them, the authorities were thought of real highly by them. Until their friend passed away, then everything changed. "We had to realize that our generation was more to be trusted than theirs", this is where they came to reality that, everybody was taking c are of their selves, and didn't want anything to do with other peoples problems.

Torture Essay

One of the main arguments against torture is that it is immoral. There are plenty of arguments to whether torture should be legalized or not. Alan Dershowitz believes that torture should be legalized for life saving events. This may be true; however, Phillip Heymann believes that legalizing torture would begin a slippery slope towards widespread use of torture in less extreme situations, making torture become a common place. After considering both sides to the debate I agree with . I would be skeptical about legalizing torture because of â€Å"crooked cops†.Some people of higher authority might take advantage of their privileges, and like Heymann inquired, they might use torture for little situations which would be completely inappropriate. If torture was legalized, authorities would probably be able to find out more information about a certain situation, like a bomb threat. Even though that would be helpful, you shouldn’t treat a human in such a brutal manner, no matte r what they did. It’s very hard to make a decision on whether torture should be legalized or not but I don’t believe that it would be a good thing in America.I believe torture is immoral, it is not effective, and it cannot be justified. Torture should always be illegal because it is always wrong. Torture does not represent America. To me, America represents freedom and torture isn’t an aspect of freedom. Torturing people is evil and if it was to ever be legalized I feel that it would leave a stain on our country. I also believe torture is unnecessary. With the increase in technology, it’s hard for almost anyone to get away with crimes that can’t be solved.I believe that the victim of torture would tell his torturers anything misleading or false to get them to stop. I don’t think that torture is immoral because it doesn’t work, torture would still be immoral if it did in fact work. Torture is just immoral because it is a violation of h uman rights. Torture was a good way to extract a confession, but many may question if it is effective or not. Torture causes a victim severe pain, so they would probably say and do anything to make their torturer stop torturing them.Torture was used by the military and armed forces to gain info on terrorists. Some people are accustomed to pain so torturing them probably wouldn’t help the person trying to gain knowledge about something. The victim that is being tortured may seriously not know anything about what is being asked of them, making the whole process ineffective because the executioner won’t be gaining any information. Torture is an ineffective interrogation tool. The use of torture is dishonourable. It corrupts and degrades the state which uses it and the legal system which accepts it Lord Hoffmann,

Machiavelli: Fear

According to Nicolo Machiavelli, fear should play a very significant role when it comes to the world of politics because it is the central driving vehicle to success as well as power, control, and reliability; it is because of fear that societies agree to justice and security. He believed that fear was an essential aspect to politics because of its relation to love, control, and hatred. When taking in Machiavelli’s perceptions of both the concepts of fear and love, it is clear that fear takes precedence over love in his opinion. This is shown in his book, The Prince, when he wrote â€Å"since love and fear can hardly exist together, if we must choose between them, it is far safer to be feared than loved† (The Prince, 1994). Essentially Machiavelli is stating that although it is desired by many to be both feared and loved, it is very difficult to be both feared and loved by everyone, and that fear is more reliable since one of them must be lacking in some aspect (The Prince, 1994). In addition, Machiavelli argued that a Prince himself should not show fear, since it would weaken his appearance and/or his reputation which, according to Machiavelli, should be carefully monitored (The Prince, 1994). Machiavelli also argued that fear keeps the people of a society in line; it â€Å"preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails† (The Prince, 1994). Furthermore, Machiavelli believed fear to be an instrument that can provide a prince with great power because of its reliability and stability. In addition, Machiavelli argued that a person should only trust the things that he or she can control. That being said, a person cannot be forced or commanded to love another person. Therefore, a ruler should only rely on things he or she can control. This is because fear is a necessary means to being respected as a leader, and it is the responsibility of a leader to have control over his or her society; fear leads to obedience, a key aspect to having control over a society (The Prince, 1994). Furthermore, one thing a ruler (prince) can have control over is fear. This is because the people in a society are afraid of punishment and they are intimidated by the ruler, so they act in accordance with the ruler’s laws. Furthermore, fear is a necessary and a key aspect to being successful and powerful in the political sphere. Machiavelli was not someone who was interested in what was morally correct, but rather what was politically beneficial. That being said, just because Machiavelli argued that a Prince should be feared by society, he is not arguing that he should also be hated by his society. This is shown in The Prince when he wrote â€Å"Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred† (The Prince, 1994). This quotation is significant because it shows that Machiavelli viewed the concept of hatred as a very bad thing; he saw hatred as the end. That being said, in his view, it is important if a ruler is not loved by the people that they are also not hated by the people. Furthermore, through the eyes of Machiavelli, a ruler (prince) should be feared by the people, but never hated by the people (The Prince, 1994). In the mind of Machiavelli, fear is an important element of politics, not just for its own sake, but for many other reasons. Fear is an emotion of reliability, as well as an instrument for control over a society. Fear is necessary for the sake of the greater good of a society. Furthermore, fear ought to be used appropriately and it is not to be taken lightly, as it should not lead to hatred. In conclusion, Machiavelli viewed fear to be a means to effective leadership; he argued that it pushes people together and it results in security and stability of society (The Prince, 1994). Fear is a way to maintain power and authority over society, and thus it should play an important role in politics according to Machiavelli.

Critical Evaluation of the Constraints Faced by Project Managers and Essay

Critical Evaluation of the Constraints Faced by Project Managers and How These Impact Project Scheduling and Planning - Essay Example The attention of the whole company is focussed on a particular problem that is of great concern to the consumer (the challenge). The rest of the activities in the company are synchronized with the challenge process, which makes sure that the challenge process is not piled up or it is starved because the needed inputs are not available. The bottleneck must be eliminated in any way possible and this increases the capability of the entire company (Jawa 2004, p1). For many years, project managers have been told to focus on constraints. In projects, a constraint is thought to be an important path, which is a series of activities that determine the least time required for the project to finish. Vanhoucke (2012, p192) further notes that the project management generally overlooks the scarce resources required by activities which are either on or off the critical path and probably by other projects (Vanhoucke 2012, p192). Goodpasture (2004, p211) also asserts that project constraint is a crit ical path. In other words, the project is constrained to a particular duration, and the constrained time cannot be shortened. The impact of the critical path is that the constrained throughput cannot be increased, and thus, the throughput is threatened if the critical path is not managed in a proper way (Goodpasture 2004, p211). It is worth noting that all projects have constraints. Not very long ago, the three main constraints (also known as the triple constraints) were the project management creed spoken by experienced project managers. The three main constraints that project managers face include scope, cost, and schedule. However, these are not the only constraints faced by project managers; other constraints include consumer satisfaction, budget, and quality. All the mentioned constraints have significant impact on the outcomes of the project, and that is why they get considerable attention (Heldman 2011, p23). Scope All projects are set out to generate a unique result or produ ct. Scope describes what the result or the product should be like. It considers the objectives and the goals of the project and defines what the project is attempting to achieve. The goals are then broken down into smaller elements until the work can be easily described. Scope can frequently change or grow during the course of the project. Thus, it is very crucial to document scope. Scope generally entails interchanges with the other constraints, and transformations in scope will affect budget, time, or both. Changes in the time or budget can also affect scope. For instance, if one is constructing a new house on a restricted or limited budget. The individual wants granite countertops in the bathroom, but he does not have sufficient money in the budget. Then, the scope has to be modified and a different material chosen for the countertops to avoid the necessity of going over the budget again (Heldman 2011, p23). Schedule Majority of the projects function under some form of deadline. If the project involves constructing a new shopping center that must be completed in time for the holiday shopping period, then the project is time-constrained. Schedules are developed on units of time thus; the word time is sometimes used in place of the word schedule when describing the triple constraints (Heldman 2011, p23). The time deadline governs the manner in which the project activities are completed and scheduled. The projector requestor or the stakeholders

Short paper on American history (to 1877) Assignment

Short paper on American history (to 1877) - Assignment Example As the rest 13 colonies lacked the elected representatives in British parliament, they found the laws and policy illegitimate and in violation of their rights as Englishmen. (Shmoop Editorial Team, 2008) Many colonies started to create committees of correspondence leading to their own provincial congresses. These committees or provincial congresses in course of 2 years dismissed the British government rule. The colonies in addition to rejecting the British parliament replaced the political frame work of the state and gathered themselves and coordinated the first continental congress in 1774. Many Protestants then started to emerge, especially in the areas of Boston. In result of protests against British attempts to assert authority, Britain sent troops to combat and dissolve local governments and to impose direct royal officials decree. (The American Revolution) In answer colonies started to organize their military against British acts and soon after war broke out within the states. This war is a important bench mark in the history of American Independence and is known as revolutionary war. Even though many colonies decided to stay away from the war and sent repeated pleas to the British parliament yet the British king declared the 13 Colonies â€Å"In rebellion† and traitor. By 1776 these colonies on their own cast votes in second continental congress and adopted declaration of independence. Furthermore, U.S.A along with, with French, Spain and United provinces defeated Britain in 1777 at Saratoga. This made French have open alliance with U.S.A. later to confine British defeat, America with French army captured large part of British colony which was led by British general Charles Cornwallis at York town, Virginia in 1781. The successful capture put an end to British efforts to find military solutions to American problem. U.S.A was now an independent state and these thirteen colonies subsequently made the first thirteen states of

The Effects of The American Civil War Research Paper

The Effects of The American Civil War - Research Paper Example For four consecutive years, the confederate soldiers fought and battled with the union soldiers. The war that is regarded as the bloodiest war in the history of America cannot be swept under the carpet. The depth of loss was felt by both these two sides. The loss of lives and the destroyed infrastructure took the United States several steps back. The immense and sheer number of deaths and tragedy that was brought by the civil war remains as a constant reminder to the American people as a profound insight of the past that they have seen. The economic, psychological and social impacts of the war went on to redefine what the future of the American people.Proclaiming the freedom of slaves and creating national unity was the hardest role that the American government had to play after the recovery from war. A more detailed analysis of the American civil war points to the start of the war being at the 1860 presidential election. The republicans who were led by Abraham Lincoln were not for t he idea of expansion of slavery into the United States territories. After the republicans won and their anti-slavery campaign looked as though it would be successful, seven slave states that were being run of cotton based economies came together right before the inauguration of the president and formed a confederacy that would fight against the anti- slavery campaign. The confederacy was mainly against the idea of the fact that their source of labor for their cotton plantations would have to be paid for (Parish, p. 103).

Youth Work in Schools Research Methodology Essay

Youth Work in Schools Research Methodology - Essay Example al, 2008, 63). Much more specifically, however, the authors attempt to better understand how and to what degree youth work can affect learning outcomes of margenalized and disengaged students, including the so-called â€Å"quietly disengaged† that may not frequently the central topic of educational research (Morgan et. al, 2008, 2), because of the lack of their obvious need when compared to other similarly marginalized students. In particular, this work attempts to dissect many of the ‘soft’ educational outcomes that may be improved or affected by youth work, such as â€Å"raising self-esteem, increasing young people’s confidence, building relationships, challenging values and beliefs etc† (Morgan et. al, 2008, 46). These outcomes, though obviously incredibly important for the healthy development of young people in any educational environment, can be a difficult target to track or put political will into because of the lack of measureable objectives. This research attempts to uncover the degree to which youth work can be effective in achieving these soft outcomes, while simultaneously understanding how youth work, an informal educational tool, can be integrated into the formal educational environment of schools. ... Furthermore, qualitative analysis gives the researchers the ability to use the findings of educational professionals in their own words, which obviously helps generate increased validity and a more thorough understanding of the subtleties and complexities involved in the research (Cohen, et. al., 2000, 31). The researchers used a soft form of coding, whereby they would group similar types of responses together and attempt to give their reader a good idea of majority or frequently cited opinions, often to be immediately followed by a few specifics either paraphrased or given in full quotation. When describing the first question of interviews, for instance, the researchers said that â€Å"while the youth workers launched into a straightforward response by outlining their work the schools perceived ‘informal’ education in quite a different light while those from Youthreach understood it in the context of a programme that was, in the first instance, divorced from schoolâ₠¬  – giving a characterization of frequent responses, followed by analysis, and finally specific examples which are not quoted here (Morgan et. al., 2008, 70). Obviously one significant issue with this type of qualitative analysis is that it grants the researcher incredible amounts of leeway in characterizing results, and deciding where to put emphasis: this can be either beneficial, focusing on small ideas of great importance, or detrimental, such as possibly ignoring or under-representing important trends or frequent responses. This research piece used a wide variety of different qualitative research methods: â€Å"In-depth interviews with key informants from youth work, schools and Youthreach; A worksheet/questionnaire for young people with experience of informal practices in formal settings; Focus

Entrepreneurial Strategy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Entrepreneurial Strategy - Term Paper Example According to Amit, Brigham and Markman â€Å"entrepreneurial strategies let people to be innovative, creative and responsible for decisions they make† (Meyer & Heppard, 2000).As a result of pursuing entrepreneurial strategies, companies put themselves in a situation to frequently and systematically recognize and exploit entrepreneurial opportunities.Enterpreneurial strategy involves a persistent, managerially sanctioned pattern of innovation related activities and resource allocations that compose a component of the company’s inclusive corporate strategy (Russell, page 640). This thesis will dwell majorly on entrepreneurial strategy concerning its importance/significance, opportunity recognition; .Current theories on economic literature explain strategy adoption according to forces of the competitive environment. Importance of Entrepreneurial Strategies Designing of business plan An entrepreneurial company develops innovations slowly.Explotation tends to force out explo ration and the company hits a performance crisis. Small companies have to balance exploration and exploitation. At some point in small companies at the start of the lifecycle design and innovation capability gets relegated in order to bring in the profits from the idea on which the firm was founded. Successfully spotting change factors, assessing their significance, reacting and adapting creates long term values. This can only be achieved by having a entrepreneurial strategy. Innovation The global environment moves faster all the time, innovation and its partner change are requirements for survival and success. Innovation often the foundation of creations is vital for any company to compete effectively in the twenty first century. Building on the importance of entrepreneurial action, Smith and DiGregorio explain that the fundamental nature of entrepreneurialship is newness, new resources, new clients, new markets, new combination of existing resources and clients. They put forward t hat equilibrating actions are based on both existing and related resources that modify existing knowledge about markets. In dissimilarity disequilibrating consequences are based on both existing but unrelated resources that are incompatible with existing mental methods. Execution of corporate entrepreneurship strategies is important and can play a major role in the success of efforts to produce innovation in companies. The development of a new proposal requires the recombination of existing knowledge and its extensions (Bettis & Hitt, 1995). Creating new businesses requires new knowledge which is necessary because new businesses are based on technologies that differ from currently employed companies. These new businesses function in new markets, making it a necessity for the company to develop knowledge of how to use new technology and compete effectively in the new market. Their work explains the inertia that sometimes occurs with larger successful companies. Many companies are usi ng alliances and networks to acquire knowledge that is critical for innovation and implementation. Entrepreneurial Resources Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial companies identify and exploit opportunities that competitors have not discovered or underexploited. An appropriate location of resources is needed to identify entrepreneurial opportunities with the utmost potential returns and to be used as a disciplined approach to exploit them (McGrath & MacMillan, 2000).The entrepreneurial s

Leadership and Organization Behavior Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Organization Behavior Essay There are many business organizations that are started on various occasions, but only a few turn out to be successful organizations. The success or failure of an organization can mostly be associated with leadership. Leaders make a very big impact in the organization. The importance of leadership is recognized when the organization is going through some moments like crisis or serious changes, depending on how the issue will be handled. We can not just assume that leadership in the organization is shown at the top management, but even to the lower levels in the organization. Despite the importance of leadership, there has been no agreement on the definition of leadership in the organization. However, leadership can be defined as a means used to coarse people in the organization, without applying force, to work towards the attainment of the organizational goals, by motivating them. Non coercive method implies the leaders should make the people to follow them on a voluntary basis (Glasser, 2008). A leader influences a particular group to work towards achieving particular goals. Leadership does not depend on a formal authority or the title, but rather they carry out their tasks by applying leadership attributes such as; values, believes, knowledge, character, ethic and skills. The position of a manager, supervisor, leader etc give them the authority to accomplish certain goals and tasks in the organization, the power of manager lead or supervisor to accomplish organization goals does not make them leaders but simply they make themselves bosses. Leadership makes the followers want to make higher goals. Selfless services and honorable characters to the organization form the basis of good leadership. Respected leaders concentrate on what they know (such as jobs tasks and human nature), what they are (such as character and believes) and what they do (such as motivating implementing and providing directions. ). The qualities of a leader influence the followers to follow him. Followers want to be guided by the people whom they respect and have clear sense of directions. Leaders must be ethical in order to gain respect from their followers. Sense of directions among the leaders is achieved through conveying a strong vision of future (Glasser, 2008). Employee satisfaction in an organization can be predicted by the level of confidence and trust in the top leadership and effective communication. Effective communication helps to win organization confidence and trust which occurs through making the employees to become aware and understand the overall strategies of the organization, assisting the employees understand their roles which can contribute to the achievement of organizational goals and objectives and the information sharing between the employees and the leaders on how the organization is performing and how their departments are doing relative to the strategic goals of the organization. Therefore a leader must be able to communicate the vision of the organization and must be trustworthy. Good leaders need to concentrate the three attributes of leadership i. e. what they are, what they know and what they do. These attributes can be achieved by following the leadership principles. According to principles of leadership a leader is supposed to know himself and seek room for self improvement. A leader can know himself if he understands the principles of leadership. Seeking room for self improvement means that the leaders have to continuously strengthen their attributes. This can be achieved through interaction with others, reflection, self study and formal classes. Secondly the leaders must be technically proficient. Leaders are required to have a solid familiarity with their follower’s tasks and know their job (Nelson Quick, 2007). Leaders must seek and take responsibilities of their action. They must such ways in which to guide their organization to achieve new heights. When things in the organization goes wrong leaders are not supposed to blame their followers or their fellow leaders but rather they should analyze the situation and come up with corrective response and be prepared to move into the next challenge. Leaders should make timely and sound decisions by use of good strategies of decision making solving problems and planning tools. Good leaders should set good role models by setting examples to others. They must see what they are expected to do not only hearing the changes they want to see. Leaders should know their people and care for their well being. They should know the human nature and take the responsibility for caring for their followers. Leaders are supposed to establish good communication with their followers. Communicating is a key responsibility in making sure that tasks are accomplished, supervised and understood. Team building and development of team spirit assist the leaders in employing their sections, organization, department etc to their fullest capabilities. Leaders should have an honest understanding of leadership attributes. They must also understand that determination of whether a leader is successful or not lies on the followers and not upon themselves. Followers are likely to get inspired if they lack confidence or trust in their leaders. Leaders are supposed to convince and set good example to their followers in order to become successful and be followed. Leaders lead through a two way communication between them and their followers sometimes communication between these two parties is non verbal. An example is when a leader sets a good example to the follower. The leader in this case does not necessarily require asking the follower on what to do about what himself is not willing to do. The way and how the leaders communicate with their followers improve or harm the relationship between them. Leaders are supposed to understand their followers in order to apply their leadership skills different followers would require different leadership styles. This means that a new employee may require more guidance and supervision than an experienced one. Also non motivated workers would require more motivation than motivated workers. Therefore the leader must understand the human nature through establishing the follower’s emotions, motivation and needs. Leader’s requiring to develop strategies on the possible cause of action for different situations (Nelson Quick, 2007). The success of any leadership is determined in the degree in which the leaders are able to motivate the others. Motivation among the employees leads to work satisfaction. An organization may incur big losses if it looses its employees and therefore the key function of the leaders and the managers should be motivating the right people to remain and join the organization. Motivation directly affects the out put of an organization and this concerns both the quality and the quantity. The leaders and managers therefore need to understand how to motivate the followers according to the roles they play (Miner, 2005). The survival of an organization is determined by the motivation of the employees. On the other hand reinforcement focuses on the maintenance of motivation. The basic assumption in motivation are that the positive behavior among the followers that resulted to rewarding will be repeated and therefore negative behavior that resulted to negative consequences are less likely to be repeated. Certain behavior can be intensified and strengthened through reinforcement. Rewards and punishment are applied depending on whether certain behaviors occurred or did not occur. The role of the leaders is to strengthen the positive behavior through reinforcement (Miner, 2005). The employees and the leaders working in an organization have different characteristics. Leaders must learn how to manage the employee in their organization. The leadership skills that are acquired in schools are not sufficient to lead and manage the employees. Therefore training is important in order to ensure that individual objectives are aligned with organization objectives. To achieve this skills and knowledge are imparted to individuals. Goal setting on the other hand helps in defining the organization, give the direction to be followed and avoid chaos. Setting of organizational goals can help the leaders to motivate the employees by communicating what the organization have planned to achieve and through providing basis for recognition, success and achievements (Nelson Quick, 2007). Goal setting helps in effectiveness of recruiting the followers. Team building results to many potential benefits which include; consensus building brain storming, looking at the problem from different perspective, trial and error, expert knowledge etc. employees are more encouraged to bring their work at the conference table and therefore they are likely to work harder. Leaders must ensure that there is an attitude of respect and tolerance for the ideas of the team member in the organization culture. The employees feel free in sharing their ideas with the team members when they help each other to succeed. Effective leadership helps in the success of the organizations. If there is no good leadership the organization may move too slow, become stagnant or even loose their direction. Timely decision making ensures that the running of organization is going on well. Leaders must ensure that decision making are correct, complete and involves all the stakeholders for the success of the organization (Nelson Quick, 2007).