How Important Is the Study of Sociology Essay

The study of Sociology is important but the level of importance is debatable. Sociology is the study of the organisation human society and what problems come about within the society. It looks at who is affected and why they are affected. A prime example would be a married couple with children who then decide to divorce. Not only are the couple affected but so are the children. Why? The children would have to come to the harsh terms of their mother and father no longer living together, in some cases have to welcome a new family member or members, ‘the step parents or siblings’ They would have to adjust to new living conditions whether that be a new school or two different homes etc. Sociology questions why rules were put in place and why people choose to follow them. In some cases we look at what other people do and we ‘follow by example’. If there is a queue at the bus stop to wait for the bus, naturally we would go to the end of the queue and wait for the bus. Why? Some may say it’s out of respect, if the people were in the queue before me who am I to cut the queue. Another person may say that following simple rules has a positive effect on our living. If you’re able to follow simple rules then it may be easier for you to follow the bigger rules with strong consequences and this will enable you to teach others i.e. children. The term sociology was coined by French philosopher Auguste Comte in 1838, who for this reason is known as the â€Å"Father of Sociology.† He believed in the concept that the social world was based on scientific facts and with this people could build better future. For example, humans need food to survive and all the major supermarkets know this, therefore they come up ‘special offers’ and provide more organic options as ways to attract a larger audience. By studying sociology we are able to look the relationship between a man and society. A ‘celebrity or public figure’ is often highly scrutinized for their choices or lifestyle and this is because a lot is expected of them. This could be anything from the way they dress to even the way they walk/ talk and the mass media i.e. TV, Radio, Movies, Internet etc help us to form assumption of this person. As humans we are often cautious of the decisions we make as we don’t want to be the topic of discussion within the society. For example when we do something bad in school we may not want many people to know about it and that is because we are afraid of how we will be branded in society (the bad kids). But why should we be so afraid of something that we created ourselves. Realistically without us there would be no society as we are what form it. By studying sociology we are able to understand others cultures, customs, traditions etc within the society. This is very important to us as it helps us to gain insight into certain groups both minorities and majorities this prevents us from making assumptions about people and makes it easier for us to accept people. Often when controversial topics arise the media uses this as a way of branding a particular part of society very negatively and as humans we sometimes get sucked into this then we find it co-exist with one other. Many people fail to see the importance of sociology with the belief that it is simply common sense, this is false. Living in a society doesn’t necessarily mean you know everything about it. â€Å"People who like to avoid shocking discoveries, who prefer to believe that society is just what they were taught in Sunday School, who like the safety of the rules and maxims of what Alfred Schultz has called ‘the world-taken-for-granted’, should stay away from sociology† (Berger 1963, 24). Naturally when asked what we believe to the ideal structured society we would say something like ‘everyone would be employed’ ‘’everyone would have a home’ etc. But if someone were to say that crime played an essential part in this ideal structured society you may think this would be absurd. However sociologists have found that without the identification of crime and the punishments that go along with it then society really wouldn’t be structured. This is true because without both of those things mentioned then people wouldn’t know what type of behaviour is tolerable or intolerable. Therefore crime does play a part in an ideal structured society. Sociology appears to only look at groups and not individuals, this is not true. Sociologists believe that individuals can’t be understood without being aware of the society that they live in e.g. You walk down a dark alley late at night your pace will be faster than you walking down a high street in the middle of the day. This may be caused by a number of reasons, from a young age you’ve been taught that it’s dangerous to be out late at night. This is referred to as primary socialisation and is sourced by the family. It is our family. It is our family that shapes into the view of what we consider is ‘normal’. There are more witnesses on a high  street so you would feel a lot more confident and comfortable. Another continuously proven theory is that men and women have different roles and responsibilities. Men are shown to be in control of business’ and high in power i.e. the government. 52 out of the 53 Prime Ministers the UK has seen have all been male. In certain situations males behaviour may be said to be overlooked. Aggression and Loud behaviour is tolerated by the males. However females still assume the role as bringing up the children and caring for people. According to the Nursing Times only 1 in 10 nurses in the UK are male which would mean that women would dominate that role. This does support the theory that the differences between males and females are through socialisation and this helps boys to become men and girls to become women. Human culture has been enriched through the contribution of sociology. According to Lowie ‘most of us harbour the comfortable delusion that our way of doing things is the only sensible if not only possible one’. This means that Sociology has given us training to have rational approach to questions concerning oneself, one’s religion, customs, and morals. This gives us the confidence to be able to decide whether or not we choose to practice a religion or not. It has further taught us to be objective and critical. This means we are able to give constructive criticism to our peers. It enables man to have better understanding both of ourselves and of others. By comparative study of societies and groups other than his existence, our lives have more meaning. Sociology also impresses upon us the necessity of overcoming narrow personal prejudices, ambitions and class hatred. This allows us to accept others as equals. The fact that few Muslims have been found to be terrorists does not mean that all Muslims should be treated as beneath us and be subjected to ridicule. The study of sociology can help us to view things differently, things we view as negative we may begin to see the other side of. A prime example would be suicide which we would associate with somebody that has some psychological problems. Although, Durkheim revealed in sociological study into suicide that our surroundings play a part in us making that decision to commit suicide and this could be anything from our relationships with the church to the one with we have with our family. This to me means that society influences certain decisions we make without us even knowing. Also as Straus once said ‘Taking a sociological perspective requires that we look beyond our individual experiences to better understand everyday life’ (Straus 1994). This allows us to look beyond the ‘social expectations’ and we then begin to learn from our experiences. Sociology has played a big part in how the government makes decisions and how they form rules and regulations. In 2011, the government made the harsh decision to abolish Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA) this meant students from the age of 16-18 would no longer be receiving a weekly allowance from the government. This decision affected each class of people, higher middle and lower. For lower class this may have meant they couldn’t help out at home with any necessary bills etc. For the middle and higher class they lost that extra bit of cash weekly. Sociology can be used as good teaching skills as Teachers can test students knowledge by reversing situations where they may need to apply their everyday knowledge which is an important skill to have. Bibliography http://www.sociologyguide.com/introduction-to-sociology/importance-of-sociology.php https://www.gov.uk/government/news/plans-to-end-the-education-maintenance-allowance-ema-programme http://durkheim.uchicago.edu/Summaries/suicide.html

Analysis of the poem A strange Meeting Essay

In the elegy â€Å"strange Meeting â€Å", Owen brings the horrors of wars and their devastating effect on those involved, he emphasizes their part in hindering the world from progress . War and death are presented in this poem through the story of two dead soldiers ,who fought on opposite sides , and who meet again in Hell . They speak of their shared hopefulness of the â€Å"undone years † . Owen’s manipulation of words and his use of artistic devices in the poem takes the reader to a vivid awareness of the real dreadfulness of battles and death. The speaker in the poem ,who is a soldier, starts the poem by saying that he seemed to † escape† the battle to somewhere else , a place he discovers later to be Hell . The mere use of the word † escape † implies that the speaker was trapped in war before he escapes to Hell which is , when compared to battle, a relief. Owen says that common words associated with wars like chivalry , courage and gallantry do not describe wars, not really, instead war is pain , sorrow and loss . He emphasizes on the destructiveness of wars to those involved . He says † yet also there encumbered sleepers groaned † , so they are † encumbered † physically with their uniforms and sacks and emotionally with too much sadness and sorrow brought to them by war . Those sleepers are † too fast in thought or death † to be stirred . One of those sleepers † sprang up † from death and smiles , although he smiles but still it is a smile of death . That man recognizes the speaker for he, the speaker, is the one who killed him as we know later in the poem . The poet describes this other man’s face as † grained † with † a thousand pains â€Å", pains from his previous life and past experiences in battle . Now they are in Hell , a place of anguish and despair , a place where shouts of pain and torment is expected , but oh no , not in this poem . Hell is a quit place where there is silence † yet no blood reached there from the upper ground † † and no guns thumped , or down the flues made moan † . So Own draws a picture of silence in Hell and contrasts this picture with battle where noise, blood and moans are everywhere . The speaker says about Hell that † here is no cause to mourn † no more grief or sadness . The stranger agrees with him † None † as if they are both relieved that it finally Al Neghaimshi 2 ended , finally they will rest . † Save the undone years , the hopelessness † This is their only regret . They shared so many in the past , the two of them , similar lives , experiences and similar horrors and pains that they could be called â€Å"friends † in spite of the fact that they are actually strangers . â€Å"Strange Friend † as paradoxical as it seems but still true , † Whatever hope is yours , was my life also † . Owen argues that wars † trek† the nations from progress and he calls it † retreating world † . The poet says † when much blood had clogged their chariot-wheels † he would go and † wash them † . Owen takes into his hands as a poet † to warn † as he said himself once , † Even with truths that lies too deep † . He says he will do it † not through wounds ; not on the cess of war † , so it is not through innocent people , not through wars that destroys the lives of many . † Forehead of men have bled where no wounds were † that’s a clear indication to the myth of Christ which says that before he was crucified his body sweat blood , He was the one who paid for the sins of the humankind and so are those men paying their lives in wars whom foreheads † bled where no wounds were † . † I am the enemy you killed , my friend † a beautiful line towards the end of the poem . Although we stand in life different and enemies , but we shared the same experience and will share the same destiny . He closes the poem by saying † let us sleep now ..† let us finally rest and forget the horrors and pains . So ironic of Owen to let his protagonist finally rest in † Hell† . Aren’t people who fight for their countries are supposed to be martyrs and go to Heaven ? It is Owen’s way of doubting the cause which wars stand for , the cause after all is false . Owen by letting his two protagonist rest in Hell , he also conveys the message that Mankind must seek reconciliation , stop this bloodshed , they must embrace pity and love for each other . Owen writes this beautiful elegy that talks about war and death , but what is most ironical is that he himself dies in war .

LAW OF PROPERTY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

LAW OF PROPERTY - Essay Example In present times the significance of tenures is brought out by the development of estates in land. All the land being held by the Crown means that one does not own land; rather one holds an estate in land. No one is considered as the owner of the land by the common law of property while it permits a wide range of estates. Estate defines how long a right to a land will last. There are two forms of estate namely the life estate and the fee simple. A life estate is a right to the land for life. It can be considered the ownership of land. On the other hand, fee simple is a right which lasts indefinitely and can be passed on death of the holder by will or intestacy. A wide range of interests can be created in land. Leases, easements, mortgages, covenants and licenses are some of the interests in private landholding system. (â€Å"LAA) to include all land other than alienated land. This includes all land within the limits of the State that forms the airspace, seabed and coastal waters of the State. Government department or statutory authority has all the rights and obligations of every landowner. The LAA is the State’s primary statute for dealing with Crown Land. The LAA defines an â€Å"interest† (Crown Land Administration and Registration Practice Manual) in relation to Crown land in section 3. "Interest", in relation to Crown land, means, Crown lease, easement, lease, mortgage, profit à ¡ prendre or other interest, including such interests as are lawfully granted or entered into by a management body, and their counterparts under the repealed Land Act 1933. The Minister for Lands is a body corporate that was established under the Land Act 1933 and continued in that capacity under the LAA. The Minister makes decisions on Crown land. In order to be effective all dealings creating intere sts or granting tenure in Crown land are registered under the

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Communication - Essay Example The first organization that was observed was Wal-Mart. This research recognizes that most individuals are at least cursorily familiar with Wal-Mart, however insights can be gained from in-depth observational investigation. One of the most overarching considerations is Wal-Mart’s organizational model. In these regards, the organization is the country’s largest retailer, selling both household items as well as groceries. There are large numbers of employees working at Wal-Mart. There is a management level of employees, another group of employees who work the cash registers, other groups of employees who work in specific department – for instance electronics or the seafood departments -- finally other groups of employees work stocking the shelves. The specific observation of these employees revealed a number of elements. While the employees are easy to locate oftentimes they operate in a very business environment and as such their roles are less defined as customer service, than in the service of their specific tasks. I observed one interaction where a customer asked an employee where measuring tape was. Rather than bring the customer to the location the employee vaguely pointed at an area and said they believe it was in that direction. While one could attribute such a communication approach to the specific employee, this behavior was also witnessed in the electronics department. In this situation a customer asked about what the specific figures on one of the computer advertisements meant. The employee responded that they weren’t sure about the specific elements on that computer. It seems that to a great degree these employees’ verbal communication skills were a necessary byproduct of the organizational culture that had been established at Wal-Mart. Namely, the commitment to low-cost goods has necessitated that customer service be sacrificed. As I was checking out of the store I waited in line for five minutes. Suddenly the cashi er looked to the others in the line and informed them that this line was closed. While she could have informed the customers waiting earlier, he non-verbal communication carried on as normal. The situation demonstrated that the employee had a lack of pride in her job. Ultimately, it seems that such actions may also be a product of necessary sacrifice for low prices. The next retailer that was observed was Best Buy. Best Buy is a large-scale electronics retailer specializing in virtually all major electronics and games. Upon entering the store I immediately recognized a number of disparate elements between this organizational model and that of Wal-Mart. While both retailers are large-scale chains Best Buy’s focuses on electronics, as well as their subsequent approach to customer service. While Wal-Mart’s employee communication styles are very detached, Best Buy’s approach is almost overly helpful. Employees were both verbally and non-verbally approachable through body language. In walking around the store I was approached numerous times by employees asking if I needed help or had any questions. While it seems to a degree this was motivated out of the need to help customers with the complexity of the electronics it is seems a comprehensively different approach to the organizational model. The specific breakdown of employees was the same as Wal-Mart’s with individuals stocking shelves, cashiers, and managers; however,

Branding and International Advertising Term Paper

Branding and International Advertising - Term Paper Example For branding to be efficacious, the wants and the needs of the consumer have to be kept in mind (AAKER, 1993, p. 32). There is a variety of objectives achieved via branding: motivation of the buyer, user loyalty is concreted, credibility is confirmed, the message is delivered clearly, and the target forecasts are connected emotionally. In marketing communication, it is referred to as a foundational piece. The goal for branding is to attain the long-term competitive advantage hence it is both a marketing and financial concept. It is more of a qualitative term rather than the thought of it as being related to the product thus it is immaterial. It is an idea that is altering and translates the tangible to something that is of value. The old notion of marketing involving the product has been outdone by the fact that the brand name has taken over the market. Basically, marketing relies on the brand name. The brand name wins over the loyalty of customers in a market. An illustration: custo mers who are loyal to products from Unilever are deemed to buy any product as long as the manufacturer is Unilever. This is showed the extent to which the brand name has an effect on the customers and in the marketing sector. Research has it that brand is more than a logo or a name, but it is the relationship with a customer. A brand name conveys a variety of ideas, possibly: a thought, emotion, mind, heart, feeling, a phrase, or a word. This depends on what is to be communicated to the customers (Dunn, 2004, p. 10). The mind and the heart of a customer get what the marketers want them to get via the branding name. People may buy brands based on image, awareness, knowledge, experience, trust, perception, feelings, and perceived quality. International advertising involves conveying the message to target audiences in different countries. Audiences of target differ from country to another depending on their response to emotional appeals or humor, interpretation and perception of signs and symbols, the language is spoken and the literacy levels too.  Ã‚  

Assignment4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assignment4 - Assignment Example This would make operations easier to use and thus manage more processing capabilities fast and easy. However, there exist barriers to building this technology, Quantum computers only run probabilistic algorithms, and the devastating part of classical calculations is that they cannot be accelerated on a quantum computer and the open problem, time. A molecular switch usually has a single molecule which can move controllably between two unwavering states. The trigger that switches the states can be a change in the chemical environment, or even light a change in temperature or an electrical current. They include Crown Ether Switches, Rotaxanes, Photochromic Switches and Nanoparticle Switches. Research has facilitated the production of single-molecule switches by manipulating the state of switchable molecules (Tian, Yang, n.d). The prospects for building a computer that uses this technology will occur when the emphasis of development will have to change to practical applications, to build Nano electronics, Nano processors and high-density data storage. A laser diode is made of a junction between a positive and negative semiconductor forming a p-n junction. There is also a lens to focus the laser beam, and a terminal to collect electricity. These semiconductors are incredibly reduced in size as they are structured in very thin slices of semiconducting material, and with careful engineering to form a perfect p-n unction. Examples a barcode scanner used in grocery stores and even supermarkets. Its advantages in transmitting information through fibre optics are that it, provides light amplification of the information being sent as well as help in providing gain and thus serve as gain media in the fibre optics that are a high output power. Yes, we are moving in the direction stated in the video, in that every information is available on the web use of digital media to

Influencing Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Influencing Performance - Essay Example When strategic goals are clearly communicated to the employees, they feel confident and motivated about it. Secondly, â€Å"equal pay for equal work† is an important compensation theory which works towards employee motivation (McIntosh 1998). Inequalities tend to generate between employees when they feel that some other person is getting more for the same work or he/she is not getting adequate compensation for his/her services. It is very important for the organization to observe equity theory of motivation (McShane and Von Glinow 2010) while designing the compensation packages. Also, training and development programmes for employees at different levels work wonders in enhancing performance as they give the employees a chance to increase their skills set. They become more competent to handle more responsibilities with greater enthusiasm and ability which automatically builds upon their positivity towards work. Understanding employee professional and personal needs is the key to their motivation and best performance. Sufficient promotion opportunities, clear goals, mutual working environment and celebrating each and every achievement of employees lies at the heart of bettering the employee performance. Workplace security, safety measures and constructive criticism also form an integral part of this. Describe one method effective leaders can use to improve individual and/or group performance in your organization. Include the role of theory in your discussion. Support your method with a minimum of 1 reference from the literature. Leaders are considered to be effective when they are able to direct the actions of their followers through motivation, planning and judicious implementation of plans. Leaders are considered as role models by the followers because of their charisma or the inherent qualities and values they possess. Leaders are said to be effective when they are able to transfer these to their followers (Leadership Expert webpage 2010). One popular

Education Politics in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education Politics in UK - Essay Example This is also sometimes seen as a form of social control, Education as 'handmaiden': the education system serves the industrial process and the economy by producing a trained workforce, and by providing childminding services, Social change (or 'social engineering'). The education system has been seen as a means of bringing about social change.1 Many social theorists think that for many decades education has suffered through unsuccessful traditional policies to which there always has been a need for fundamental changes in the structure and nature of educational institutions. Educational policies have been dealt with profound and often confrontational debates over the nature and purposes of education in society, particularly those between education, the economy and the nation. The changes initiated during the period altered the power relationships which had underpinned the education system since the 1944 Education Act, which itself had shaped the post-war educational world. Free elementary education was introduced in England in 1870; secondary schools were fee-paying until 1944. 80% of children left after elementary education, which after 1918 finished at 14. The 1944 Education Act introduced free secondary education. ... guments for comprehensives are they reduce the likelihood of discrimination or disadvantage on the basis of class, and that they improve the prospects of children of middling ability. The main argument against is that the selective system may be more consistent with the idea of equality of opportunity. Working class children who went to grammar schools did better than those who go now to comprehensive schools. The current political agenda in the light of educational policies and inclusion require us to analyse the facts behind educational policies highlighting Governmental efforts behind inclusion. When in 1990s Industrial mentoring movement initiated, it involved almost 17,000 pupils in hundreds of British schools to take benefit from those thousands of companies that encouraged their business people and allow them to volunteer as mentors2. From 1994 to 1998, the education was escorted by the European Youthstart Initiative who funded almost a hundred programmes of employment-related guidance, education and training for socially excluded young people in the UK, and the majority of these included mentoring. However, the political extravaganza remain a significant part of the Initiative, where the Institute of Career Guidance (ICG) co-ordinated the Mentoring Action Project (MAP), the largest such programme in Britain to that date3. The MAP remained a success which took over almost one quart er of statutory careers services in England and Wales, thereby allocating mentors to 1,700 young people4. During the same period, the Dalston Youth Project, a voluntary sector scheme working with young black offenders in London's deprived East End, became nationally lauded as an exemplar of mentoring for socially excluded youth. The National Mentoring Network (NMN) in 1994 was

Conrad's Heart of Darkness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Conrad's Heart of Darkness - Essay Example Conrad wrote this book while he was adventuring Congo, which was a Belgian Colony. Conrad novel allude that there are flaws in the European imperialism because riots, abandonment of trade enterprises, and wars in their territories. The story in this novella focuses on Charlie Marlow who is one the main characters. Charlie Marlow is also the narrator of the story. This is despite the fact that anonymous storyteller appears on the onset of the novel. Charlie Marlow is an Englishman who has always had a passion to travel at different parts of the globe. Since he was young, Marlow used to look keenly at places in world map to adventure. These areas included even the weird ones such as North poles (Conrad 16). The author of this novel, Conrad Joseph has negative attitude towards imperialism. The mood of the novella is sympathetic and Conrad identifies with African natives. The main characters in this novel are Marlow, Kurtz, General Manager, Brickmaker, Chief accountant, and Pilgrims. Oth er characters in the novella comprise Cannibals, Russian trader, Helmsman, Kurtz’s African mistress, Aunt, Men abroad the Nellie, and Fresleven. Conrad uses these characters to expose the dark side of European colonization. Heart of Darkness looks at darkness at three levels namely, wilderness in Congo, European treatment of Africans, and darkness in human beings to commit atrocious acts of evil. Conrad uses a big river, which is an important tool for colonies to exert their power in different parts of the world. The picture that Marlow gives when he enters employment offices to sign contract in order to replace Fresleven is a depiction of how Europeans have scrambled to access varied areas. The map in the office in question containing different coloring such as green, yellow, blue, and other colors is a clear impression areas that Europeans have colonized (Conrad 25). Marlow secured a job with a Company as a captain to fill the space that Fresleven left after chief’s son stubbed while in Congo. Charlie Marlow’s journey is full of many encounters of brutality and inefficiency, which his new Company perpetrates. The natives of this region suffer under the ill treatment of agents of the company. The inhabitants have to overwork terribly despite the nastiness and cruelty of imperial companies. This is in regardless of the fact that number of Europeans is very small compared to that of inhabitants. Enigma and mystery give the novel its glamour and aura command. Joseph Conrad employs effectively unpredictability and situations that are very difficult for one to explain. The first pages of Conrad’s work opens with a character Charlie Marlow. Marlow gives a clear picture of England and explains to his colleagues in the ship that it was dull. Marlow continues to ponder on how the Romans got into Thames and how they faced the darkness. Marlow wondered how the Romans survived the life of wilderness, the forest, in the midst of cruel men (Conr ad 8). Conrad provides readers with a picture to follow of civilization. The author draws the attention of the audience on what will happen, when the characters such as Marlow comes across wild world. Conrad refers men in the ship as waiting for tide that has bones and resembles dominoes. This is prelude to the bones, which Kurtz and Marlow encounters later in the novel. For instance, Charlie Marlow found the remains of Fresleven who inhabitants killed after a quarrel ensued over hens. Conrad suggests that society must be very cautious on the

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

English - Essay Example Manalansan IV. He is an Anthropologist specializing in Asian American Studies, Latin American, and Caribbean studies, at the University of Illinois. He is also an author, who has written on topics such as gender, and food. One of his works on food is the â€Å"Prairescapes: Mapping food, loss, and longing.† In this article, Manalansan also depicts food as playing different roles from that of human survival. In this paper, I will use these two works to enforce food as a powerful social tool, with special social functions. Many people overlook the other functions of food due to lack of knowledge. Charles Johnson’s â€Å"Dr. King’s Refrigerator,† is a fictional story of one Martin Luther King, Jr. He is busy looking for a theme for his Sunday sermon when he suddenly feels hungry and heads to his refrigerator for a snack. He finds food that prepared by his wife for her visitors the next morning. Seeing a variety of food, King suddenly starts making all sorts o f connections with this food. The foods are from different world regions, and he is fascinated at how this food connected him to these world regions. The connection he feels is a pure interaction of Buddhism in the ideals of the Baptists. Charles Johnson writes, â€Å"Then he slowly put the apple down, feeling not so much hunger now as a profound indebtedness and thanksgiving- to everyone and everything in Creation† (Johnson 3). This also portrays Charles Johnson’s writing style as unique. He leaves the readers with pictures in the mind. The quote also brings out the fusion of religions, in this case, Buddhism and Baptist. The appreciation of nature and the belief that nature indirectly joins humans is a Buddhism notion that is felt by a Baptist preacher. Charles John has widely employed symbolism to point out the other roles that food plays, He uses food to symbolize the cultures and the people from where they were grown. Johnson writes, â€Å"All of human culture, h istory, and civilization laid unscrolled at his feet, and he had only to step into his kitchen to discover it. He looked around the disheveled room, and he saw in each succulent fruit, each slice of bread, and each grain of rice a fragile, inescapable network of mutuality in which all earthly creatures were codependent, integrated, and tied in a single garment of destiny† (Johnson 3). Here, Johnson tries to emphasize that people should adopt a new way of perceiving at nature as human beings connect through nature. One does not have to be physically present in France in order to experience their culture. We can experience other people’s cultures, innovations, and civilization, by simply owning their products and eating their food. This shows that human beings are closer to each other than they think. Johnson’s work has allowed for philosophy and literature to integrate. His passages are philosophical as well as epistemological. He makes readers curious and to wond er what the story drives to. He infuses his philosophical ideas in the well-developed characters. He incorporates reality with fantasy, under the guidance of philosophy. For instance, he argues,â€Å"When we get up in the morning, we go into the bathroom where we reach for a sponge provided for us by a Pacific Islander. We reach for soap created by a Frenchman. The towel is provided by a Turk. Before we leave for our jobs, we are beholden to more than half the world†

Competitive Position Essay Example for Free

Competitive Position Essay In this assignment we tried to look into the Baja Auto’s own position in Indian domestic market and how it has performed in last year compare to local rivals. In addition, we suggest company to invest directly in America’s automobile industry as America and India is more or less similar in terms of operating multinational organisations. As, it is a long term investment and high risk strategy for company, we clinically analysed new market scenario and different aspects of it. 1.0 Competitive Position Baja Auto is ranked as the world’s fourth largest two and three wheelers production company. It is in two wheelers and three wheelers Indian market since 1945 and recognised brand across Asia, Middle Eastern countries, Latin America. Bajaj Auto shares 26.70% of two wheelers market in India, fairly behind Hero Honda Motors which has 41.35% Indian customers, and ahead of TVS Motor Company which holds 18.14%. But when it comes to three wheelers vehicles, Bajaj Auto clearly control the majority of the market with 58.60%, much ahead then Piaggio Vehicles 32.70%. Bajaj’s closest competitor in two wheelers market is Hero Honda Motors. Hero Honda sold 3.72 million two wheelers units, almost double then Bajaj, who managed to sold 1.28 million units. Bajaj Auto is the country’s largest exporter of two- and three-wheelers. During 2008-2009, Bajaj Auto’s international sales achieved an all-time high of 772,519 units of two and three wheelers, representing a growth of 25% over the previous year. (Sources: Automobile Industry report -2012, India). Though, there is a huge difference in terms of selling units between three major players of India’s two wheelers, their growth rate is almost similar to each other. Hero Honda Motors enjoys 15.4% growth in 2012, and it was followed by TVS Motor and Bajaj Auto with 13.3% and 13.2% respectively. (Sources: Annual reports of Bajaj Auto, Hero Honda Motors and TVS Motors-2012). In plant wise capacity Bajaj Auto clearly out plays its competitors. Bajaj Auto has 4 active plants compare to 3 of each for Hero Honda motors and TVS Motors. Therefore Bajaj has upper hand in terms of number of units’ productions. Bajaj Auto’s plants are capable of producing 5 million units of vehicles compares to Hero Honda’s 4.75 million and TVS’ 4 . 50 million of units. (Sources: Automobile Industry report-2012, India). Adopted from Automobile Industry report-2012, India. 2.0 Market Entry Bajaj Auto is highly recognised company throughout the world and has vastly experienced management team. In addition, it has its own technology labs, engineering colleges and very strong labour power. Apart from having a fair amount of domestic market share, it is a leading exporter of India. Bajaj is famous for manufacturing two and three wheelers which have good fuel efficiency and strong outer body and comes in very cheap prise compares to other manufacturers. It is right time for the company to move forward and make its own base in well developed country like The USA, which help company to reduce the good amount of money spent on exporting its products to Latin America and Africa and moreover, America itself has huge crowd who are struggling with current worldwide economic downfall and looking for cheap available options. 2.1 Reason for Entering Into the USA Market PESTLE analysis is an useful analysis tool to evaluate future plans and it helps organisations like Bajaj Auto who is going to enter in new business environment to understand the risk associated with its next move .PESTLE helps company to analyse its position, potential and direction in new market place. 2.1.1 Political Situation of the USA It is very important to assess political condition of new working field before moving abroad. It helps company like Bajaj to make its business strategy. America is strong democratic country like India the motherland of Bajaj Auto and this will work company’s favour as it knows the pros and cons of such a political environment. 2.1.2 Economy The US has the largest and most technologically powerful economy of the world, with per capita GDP of $49,800. US Business companies have more flexibility than any other part of the world in decision to expand their capita plant. . At the same time, they face higher barriers to enter their rivals home markets than foreign firms face entering US markets. It is lucrative industry to enter for foreign company like Bajaj Auto. 2.1.3 Social America’s population is 316,668,567 which consist of 79.96% white, black 12.85%, Asian 4.43%. 40.2% of America’s population is 25-54years old. 82% population is urbanised and an annual urbanisation rate is 1.2%. 99% of total population is literate. 2.1.4 Technological highly diversified, world leading, high-technology innovator, second largest industrial output in world; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining. Bajaj Auto will enjoy a good amount of success due to technological expansion of the company which is comparably low in India. 2.1.5 Legal America has strong, fast legal system which gives every individual a fair chance to appeal decision of the court. Supreme court is the highest body who makes the final verdict on any legal issue. 2.1.6 Environment Air pollution resulting in acid rain in the US ; the US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers; limited natural freshwater resources in much of the western part of the country require careful management; desertification. Bajaj Auto developed the technology in recent years and some of its vehicles run on CNG and LPG which reduce the amount of carbon dioxide. This technology gives company an edge over its competitors to gain confidence of the US government to enter into their market. (Sources: http://www.cia.gov/library) 2.2Market Attractiveness DIAMOND MODEL Source: Porter, M. (1990) 2.2.1 Firm strategy, structure and rivalry As mentioned earlier, Bajaj Auto is famous for producing light weight two and three wheelers vehicles which have good fuel efficiency and strong body and it’s new for American population. There is no strong competitor in market at the present that can threat the position of Bajaj Auto in its production range. Bajaj Auto manufactures couple of motorbikes like Pulsar, Duke, and Discover which is heavy but it will not be a good idea to launch them in America as Harley Davidson, Yamaha motors, Kawasaki motors have strong hold on American customers. Bajaj Auto follows hierarchical strategy which resulted in advantages within industries and it helps company to gain upper hand in competition with major players. 2.2.2 Demand Conditions Light motorcycles, the summary say, will outperform other ICE product types and maintain their position as the largest single segment of the motorcycle market in America. This will be due to several factors, including the fastest population growth of any region, the lowest median age and the lowest (but climbing) per-capita GDP. (Source: world demand motorcycles grow). This is good future aspect for Bajaj Auto to succeed in international adventure. 2.2.3 Factor Endowment America has strong and large factor endowments compare to Western Europe. The US has comparative advantages of skilled workers, infrastructure, open market entry for international companies, natural resource and technology. Romalis (2004) provides a quasi-Rybczynski prediction, â€Å"if a country accumulates a factor more rapidly than rest of the world, then that country’s production and exports will systematically shift toward that more intensively use that factor.† The US has well developed technology when it comes to motorbike industry and that attracts Bajaj Auto to gain an entry in this market. 2.2.4 Related and Supporting Industries The US is rich in producing natural resources like iron, lead, petroleum, natural gas. In addition America has the world largest coal reserve with 491 billion short tons accounting for 27% of the world’s total.(Source: http://www.cia.gov/library). Strong supply chain of motorbikes engines parts, raw material for motorbike body, leather and machineries are always key factors in success of automobile business and America provides all these features to Bajaj Auto. 2.3 2.3.1 Target Market Young, universities’ students, African and Asian immigrants, middle class families and small vendors should be first priority as a target market for Bajaj Auto as they share large number of total American population (see 2.1.3). Above mention customers have limited resources of income and other responsibilities and therefore they always look out for cheap available option. The kind of two and three wheelers Bajaj Auto produces are low in prise and have high fuel efficiency. These two points will work in company’s favour and manage to pull big crowd. Once company get established, it can launch the range of heavy weight vehicles to provide competition to giants like Yamaha, Royal Enfield, Honda and Harley Davidson.

Activity-based costing Essay Example for Free

Activity-based costing Essay There are many different types of cost systems a company can choose from when calculating their costs. Two of the most frequently used cost accounting systems are a volume based cost system and an activity based cost (ABC) system. Each system has their own advantages and disadvantages and some are more common among certain industries. Wilkerson, like many other companies, used a simple/volume based cost accounting system. Under this system, Wilkerson was inappropriately allocating their costs by assigning the overhead expenses based on direct labor, thus calculating their total costs and operating income incorrectly. If Wilkerson continues to operate their company ignoring the fact that their costs are inaccurate, it is possible that they may make poor business and pricing decisions in the future. Although Wilkerson’s costs are currently being calculated incorrectly, if they decide to use an activity based costing system, they may achieve more accurate results. Using a simple cost accounting system is often easier and less time consuming than an activity based costing system, but it is also less accurate. Wilkerson’s implementation of an ABC system would most likely be very beneficial to the company in terms of both determining their costs more precisely and making overall better pricing and business decisions. An ABC system at Wilkerson would look very different than their current volume based system. Wilkerson’s ABC system would use machine-related expenses, setup labor cost, receiving and production control, engineering, and packaging and shipment as the cost pools. The revised per unit product costs under this system would be $46.17/valve, $58.20/pump, and 115.38/flow controller and the margins would be 46.3%, 33.1%, and -9.9%, respectively. The results when calculating product costs are so different depending on the cost system because we are now actually determining the costs per unit with multiple cost pools because each resource uses a different amount of the indirect resources rather than assigning the manufacturing overhead cost solely based on the direct labor costs. Based on this new accounting information I would recommend that Wilkerson try to make an improvement in their flow controller product. Since the gross margin for this line is negative, if adjustments are made but there is no improvement in its profitability, I would tell Wilkerson to consider dropping the line completely. Although Wilkerson would lose $420,000 in sales, their costs would be reduced by more than this amount, ultimately increasing overall profits for the company. Unfortunately, there are some limitations in our analysis of Wilkerson’s alternative cost systems. One limitation is that we are unable to easily assess how the market will react to a change in the flow controller line. A second limitation that we have to consider when looking at our analysis is that although our cost allocations are much more accurate than before, these costs are still the averages for each product, which could impact how accurate we are in determining the costs. However, if we are able to look past these limitations, our analysis of Wilkerson is beneficial in shaping how the company can more accurately calculate costs as well as be more profitable in general.

Effects of Music on Plant Growth

Effects of Music on Plant Growth Miguel Cintrà ³n Ryan Cabral Humberto Michel The objective of this experiment is to determine if the different types of music affect the growth of the Euphorbia Miliiplant. If we put three Euphorbia Milii under the same conditions, with three different types of music, then the three plants will grow exactly the same, because we speculate that music does not have any effect on plant growth. We predicted that the three plants will grow to be exactly the same. We might have different results from what we expected as: one plant will grow larger than the other 2, because of its type of music; one plant will grow smaller than the other 2, because of its type of music, etc. Depend of the results this experiment will have an importance, because people will be able to make grow larger or smaller their plants. This is a benefit when it comes to control the growth of your plant. Farmer Chris Beardshaw claims that booming Heavy Metal band Black Sabbath has thoroughly increased the disease resistance of the plants in his greenhouse, though making them shorter. This could mean that music could be used as a method to make crops grow more efficiently. Euphorbia Miliiis a species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaciae, native to Madagascar. Theoretical Framework The scientist of (all science fair projecs.com) they put in there hypothesis that the classic music will help with the growth. Of the plants, at the end, the hypothesis holds true and they observed and conclude that music is able to speed up seed germination and enhance plant growth. Although there may not be an available scientific explanation as to why music is able to enhance plant growth, the results are there for us to take advantage of. Music can be used in plant nurseries to speed-up seed germination and help us grow healthier plants. The scientist of USCB SCIENCE LINE, they observed and conclude that music affects plant growth has been the subject of many, many science fair projects. It seems as though it is uncertain whether music really does have an effect. Sound is a wave traveling through air and it may be possible that changes in air pressure may affect plant growth but also they planted that was difficult to test this because there a lot of variables that need to be controlled i.e. soil composition, water, light, etc. The scientist Dr. Singh (1962) published that when you switch on your radio, the sound wave will create vibration that will then cause your eardrum to vibrate. This pressure energy will be converted to electrical energy for the brain to translate into what you understand it as musical sounds. Dr. Will Warner (2014) published that if the frequency of sound increased, then the growth of plants will increase. He conclude that his hypothesis was incorrect â€Å"the frequency of the sound was increased, and the classical music group grew the shortest†. A scientist that published his report (answers.com) said that plants are not intelligent. In fact, they dont have a central nervous system. Music can only affect you if you understand it, and plants cant understand anything and plants have no auditory organs. They cant hear any more than you could hear through your skin if you had no ears. A scientist of (kidslovekits.com) find out thatwe think that the classical music will help the plant growth and that the rock music will hinder its growth since studies have showed that classical music even concentrates the human brain and is good for you. After one week of experimenting, the following were the results. The one that was in the best condition was the plant that was in the room with classical music. The second best plant was the one in the room with no music and the one that didnt do so good was the one in the room with rock music. DorothyRetallack(1973) penned down her research. For her laboratory experiment in her studies for the degree in music she chose to study the effects of music in plants. After her researchRetallackdiscerned that the genre of music did not have anything to do with the response; it was the kind of instruments used and their resonance that probably made the difference. Her book says that loud frequencies of music played havoc with the health of the plants, resulting in a very slow and stunted growth; even death in some cases. Dr. Matthew DavidFleischacker(2012) hetested the biological effect music would have on plants. The link above shows what was done in the experiment, but basically what they found was a direct relationship between the sound vibrations and the growth of the plant. Joel Sternheimer(1991) studied and investigated the vibrational frequencies of amino acids. Ribosomes plays an important role in the creation of proteins from a variety of twenty amino acids depending on the need of the cell and its organisms. He also conclude When the frequencies are recognized, each of these notes can then be recorded into a sequence, or melody. Sternheiner successfully replicated the recorded melodies for the selected proteins. When these melodies were played, he noticed that it increased the manifestation of the corresponding protein and accelerated the growth of the plant. Sternheiner affirms that tomatoes grew two and a half times larger when his melodies were play. A South Korean scientist Mi-JeongJeong(2007) would play Beethovens Moonlight Sonata to rice plants and he conclude that due to exposure to music, the chemical changes that took place within the plant, could be studied and harnessed in order to throw better light and increase the blossoms of other crops, too. Dr. Don Robertson (1973) he saw thatthe plants showed no reaction at all to country and western music, similarly to those in silent chambers. However, the plants liked the jazz that she played them. He tried an experiment using rock in one chamber, and modern classical music of negative composers  Arnold Schà ¶nberg  and Anton Webern in another. These two scientists Creath and Schwartz (2004) have reported significant effects of music on the germination of seeds when compared to untreated control plants. Similarly, there also have been other reports on the enhancement of physiological conditions of the plants because of exposure to sound and music. It can be concluded that plants enjoy music and they have better effect when exposed to the appropriate style. Dr. Lee. Patrick (2009) he published Silence grew the best and healthiest followed by spoken word (Harry Potter). Classical music (Vivaldi concertos) ended up just under spoken word. Bringing up the rear was a very small and unhealthy plant that was listening to heavy metal and (harsh) world music (Mudvayne and Rammstein). He also concludes, â€Å"From my twenty days of information gathering, I have drawn the conclusion that all music/spoken word affect plant growth negatively. Some plants were affected more negatively than others were. Therefore, I can just repeat an old saying, Silence is golden.† Scientists of (omgfacts.com) published that, differentkinds caused different effects. Plants responded best to classical and Indian devotional music. In a controlled environment, plants exposed to these kinds of music had lush and abundant growth and good root development.They observedplants that listened to rock did poorly, showing signs that they were in the dying stage. Plants exposed solely to white noise died quickly. Scientists of (The handy science book.com) reported thatplants responded best to Indian classical and devotional music. In a controlled environment, plants exposed to these kinds of music had lush and abundant growth and good root development. Exposure to country music or silence brought about no abnormal growth reaction, while jazz produced growth that is more abundant. With rock music, plants did poorly. Their roots were scrawny and sparse and they seemed to be in a dying stage.Plants exposed solely to white noise died quickly. Scientists and researchers have long studied the effects of music on plant growth. Chronicling how music, from hard rock and boogie-woogie to the most refined classical pieces, may or may not stimulate plants to grow fascinates both the most-educated botanist and youngest science fair participant in elementary school. Whether or not classical music has any effect on urging or retarding plant growth is a hot topic. Also most scientist said thatwhile most mainstream scientists and botanists believe that no irrefutable evidence exists to prove whether classical or any other music stimulates plant growth, some researchers entertain the notion that sound waves may agitate the air around planets just enough to stimulate plant growth. In a question-and-answer section of the Science Centre Singapores Website, one researcher quoted a United Kingdom biologist who suggested that a fan running in place of a loudspeaker blaring music would probably generate the same agitating effect. Some researchers believe that the frequencies of music played to plants need to be kept at or near 5000 Hz in order for it to be beneficial to plant growth or, more important, larger fruit size and more vibrant and fragrant flowers. Also Russian researchers conducted experiments on onion plant roots that received consistent exposure to classical music. The music, composed by classical greats such as Mussorgsky, Chopin, Mozart, Wagner and Schubert, was chosen for its complex, rhythmic accents. The onion listened to the selected classical music six hours a day for 10 days. After 10 days, the onion roots were measured and examined at the cellular level. The scientists in charge of the experiment determined that the plants responded favorably to classical music by growing longer, roots that are more vigorous. Plants that listened to music with lyrics grew even longer roots. A students from the Marshall middle school published thatthe plant that had to listen to music did in fact grow much, more than the plant that did not have to listen to music. The plant that had to listen to music grow about 8cm and the plant that did not listen to music grow 5.5cm which is about 3.5cm less than the plant that had to listen to music and this experiment in fact support our hypothesis. These scientist (NuranEkici,FeruzanDane, LeylaMamedova,IsinMetinand MuradHuseyinov) reported thatstudy effects of strong, complex, rhythmic accent classical Music withsekundaandKvartaintervals. The frequently reprised and opus with rhythmic dynamically changing lyrics which Contain more EXTENSIVEKvintaoktavasepta intervals on mitotic index and root growth were Investigated in onion root tip During germination cells . For This aim, samples music from Wagner, Mozart, Mussorgsky Chopin, Tchaikovsky and Schubert Were Chosen. We found correlation between root elongation and Mitotic Index. Both kinds of music have positive effects on root growth and mitotic divisions in onion root tip cells but rhythmic dynamically changing lyrics affected much better. In This study, light microscopy techniques were used but ultra-structure of root tip cells will be studied with electron microscope in the following study. A scientist from Australia has reported thatevery plant has a mouth, in fact more than one mouth. These mouths are called stomata’s and over a year ago at the University of California in San Diego, United States, scientists discovered a single mechanism that controls plants stomata. There are two cells that make up the stomata and these two cells are connected to the resonant frequency of calcium, when the cells come in close contact with this frequency of calcium they close. However, what these scientists found was if the frequency were change slightly the plants stomata would open again after an hour even if the presence of calcium were still strong. This proved that exposures to high tones, music and bird songs stimulated the plant to vibrate and keep their stomata are open to increase the exchange of gases, therefore increasing growth because plants absorb fertilizer via their stomata. In addition, heincluded whatDorothyRetallackdo, that was held one of the first and most famous experiments performed on the effect of music on plants. Her experiment found that plants grew better under the influence of classical music compared to rock and roll and when jazz music was played some plants would lean towards the speaker and others would lean away. She found these findings whilst she studied her degree in music. She later went onto pen that it was not perhaps the type of music but the instruments played. She also stated that loud frequencies of music had negative effects on plants where the plant sometimes even died. A scientist ofmallstuffs.composted thatwhen the plants were beam with acid rock music, all the plants leaned away from the direction of music. When Mrs.Rattallackrotated the pots 180 degrees, all the plants leaned away in the opposite direction. Plants hate i.e. acid rock music. When the level of rock in the music was reduce, the movement of plants leaning also reduced. For EX : when Spanish tune , La Paloma was played , the leaning was only 10 degree from the vertical, very less than the 60 + degree of rock music . Plants fiddling with music beamed 15 degrees Leaned Towards the source of music. These experiments were done using continuously 25+ days for eighteen plants per chamber. All varieties of plants like squash, seed, flowers, leafy vegetables etc. Methods The materialswe used in this experimentare:ThreelabeledEuphorbiaMiliispecimens, a onehourWaltzplaylist, aonehourReggaetonplaylist,a one hourElectronicaplaylist,a journal fordocumenting, gardening tools,rulers (cm, inch,) to measure the plants, a camera, to take pictures of the experiments stages.To start we will take all threeEuphorbiaMiliispecimens (each already labeled according to their music type) and keep them in a controlled environment out in the sunlight. All plants will be given the same amount ofcare and water, and every day for one hour they will be each put to listen to their respective musicfor one hour, we already have playlists set up for this.Every change will be documented with rulersand cameras. Wewill write down all size and color changes as well as take pictures for demonstration, This process will take from the start of the experiment to approximately two or threeweeks before the Science Fair. References All Science Fair Projects http://www.all-science-fair-projects.com/print_project_1301_143?print=1 UCSB Science Line http://scienceline.ucsb.edu/getkey.php?key=1495 Hub Pages http://hubpages.com/hub/the-effect-of-music-on-plant-growth Google Documents https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mxwiSK_4LVr9X4apl7T5tqflmXo5fEg8UpKPGsvssEY/embed?hl=ensize=s#slide=id.p13 Answers.com http://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_effects_of_music_on_plants Kids Love Kits http://www.kidslovekits.com/projects/plantmusic/index.html Ehow http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4596442_does-music-affect-plant-growth.html Info.com http://topics.info.com/How-do-different-kinds-of-music-affect-plant-growth_2902 Buzzle.com http://www.buzzle.com/articles/does-music-affect-plant-growth.html The Independent http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/want-bigger-blooms-blast-your-plants-with-black-sabbath-and-avoid-playing-cliff-richard-8579013.html SiOWfa12 http://www.personal.psu.edu/afr3/blogs/siowfa12/2012/10/music-can-help-your-plants-growseriously.html Dovesong.com http://www.dovesong.com/positive_music/plant_experiments.asp California State Science Fair 2005 https://www.usc.edu/CSSF/History/2005/Projects/J1631.pdf Omg Facts http://www.omgfacts.com/lists/15202/Music-affects-plant-growth-and-now-we-may-know-why-Not-all-music-has-the-same-effect-though?%2Fl%2F15202= Deerfield Patch http://patch.com/illinois/deerfield/bphow-do-different-kinds-of-music-affect-plant-growth#.VCYEM_l5MnM Wikipedia (2014) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_milii Gardenguides.com http://www.gardenguides.com/116597-classical-music-its-effects-plants.html Plantingscience.com http://www.plantingscience.org/index.php?module=pagesetterfunc=viewpubtid=2pid=2829 Scialert.net http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ajps.2007.369.373 Ecocitizen Australia http://www.ecocitizenaustralia.com.au/affect-of-music-on-plants/ Mallstuffs.com http://www.mallstuffs.com/Blogs/BlogDetails.aspx?BlogId=393BlogType=SpiritualTopic=How%20music%20effects%20plant%20growth

Appearance Versus Reality in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Es

Appearance Versus Reality in Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie In any Tennessee Williams' play, nothing is as it seems. Everything represents more than itself. Williams' creative use of symbols creates a drama that far exceeds the apparent or surface level. Williams himself admits that "art is made out of symbols the way your body is made out of the vital tissue," and that "symbols are nothing but the natural speech of drama [. . . ,] the purest language of plays [. . . ; S]ometimes it would take page after tedious page of exposition to put across an idea that could be said with an object or a gesture on the lighted stage" (Demastes 174). The reader must engage not only what appears to be just a needed prop or dialogue, but also the reader has to project beyond the obvious to understand the full impact of the symbols Williams uses. He controls every aspect of his plays by giving very precise stage directions. He is the god of his work. He directs every aspect as if he is afraid to turn lose any control unless it becomes something else than he wi lls it to be. In The Glass Menagerie, Williams uses many symbols that cannot fully be retained by the reader in just one reading of the play. The Glass Menagerie is a play about a dysfunctional family during the 1930s and how they survive in their own world of reality. Even the characters themselves are symbols of a deeper meaning; for example, Amanda Wingfield's name itself is revealing. Amanda contains the word man, and she has to play the role of the man and the woman of the house since the father deserted the family long ago. Close examination of the last name Wingfield gives the reader additional clues. The Wingfields are actually taking life as it comes to them, or, in... ...orks Cited Demastes, William D. Realism and the American Dramatic Tradition. Tuscaloosa, AL: U of Alabama P, 1996. Kolin, Philip. Tennesse Williams: A Guide to Research and Performance. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998. Scanlan, Tom. Family, Drama, and American Dreams. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978. Sievers, W. David. Freud on Broadway, A History of Psychoanalysis and the American Drama. New York: Hermitage House, 1995. Weales, Gerald. "Tennessee Williams 1914-. Contemporary Literary Cristicism. 21 Vols. Ed. Dedria Bryfonski and Phyllis Carmel Mendelson.Detroit:Gale,1978.471. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading, Thinking, Writing. 5th ed. Ed. Michael Meyer. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 1864-1908. Work Consulted Williams. Edwina Dakin. Remember Me to Tom. New York: Putman, 1963.

Global Imperialism :: essays research papers

Global imperialism began to take its toll on the world; a policy in which stronger nations extended their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. As the United States began to plunge into the trend of overseas expansion, many wondered if the nation could justify its reasons for imperialism. The answer, my friend, is yes. It all began with European imperialism as Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Portugal, and Spain competed for African raw materials and markets. Soon after, Japan joined along with the European nations. There was much competition going around and surely the United States of America would not want to miss out on this opportunity to improve economy as its nation was producing more than it could consume. American businesses looked toward the rest of the world as a pillar of support for their growing industries. Senator Alfred Beveridge believed that imperialism was justified by the demands and economic competitions among the industrial nations. Today we are raising more than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use... Therefore we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor... Ah! As our commerce spreads, the flag of liberty will circle the globe and the highway of the ocean - carrying trade to all mankind - will be guarded by the guns of the republic. And as their thunders salute the flag, benighted (ignorant) peoples will know that the voice of liberty is speaking, at last, for them... that civilization is dawning at last, for them. --Senator Alfred Beveridge, 1898   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another reason that fueled America into imperialism was its belief in the creation of a strong naval force to contend in the growing political and military competition. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan desired military strength and argued that the U.S. Navy defend peace time shipping lanes. He suggested that the nation strategically locate bases in the Caribbean where fleets could refuel, as well as construct a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, and acquire Hawaii and other Pacific Islands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Americans and Europeans alike held a strong, superior Anglo-Saxon belief, claiming responsibility to civilize and Christianize the world’s â€Å"inferior† peoples. This idea based on social Darwinism gave many Americans the concept of making it their duty to civilize the natives. Not only did they feel it as their responsibility to do so, many claimed it was God’s Will.

Growing Up in Apple Valley :: essays papers

Growing Up in Apple Valley Growing up in Apple Valley is an indelible experience not too many people go through. Every time I say I’m from Apple Valley people always don’t know where Apple Valley is. I usually say that it is off the Interstate 15 freeway, like you are heading to Las Vegas, right next to Victorville. Then they finally realized that they have heard of Apple Valley. It is very indecipherable to say exactly where Apple Valley is. People constantly think that Apple Valley is simply a big desert and there are only poor quality people who live there. The truth is Apple Valley is a very beautiful place to live. Apple Valley has some imperfect parts of the town and there are its good parts. I feel that the good parts overcome the bad parts. I have seen a lot of other cities that are much worse and they still have a well-rounded reputation. For instance, the High Deserts biggest city, Victorville. Victorville has much more crime than Apple Valley, much more pollution, and many more troublesome citizens. Victorville also has a lot more traffic on their streets because there are so many more people. Apple Valley has about two-thirds the amount of population Victorville has and with that comes less traffic on the roads. Less traffic on the roads means less smog pollution, less traffic accidents, less paramedic’s the city has to hire, and less the city had to pay out towards medical response. Most cities want to save money so they might be able to spend more money on the city or even cut some taxes. The less smog pollution is a really pleasant factor that comes with living in Apple Valley. It is nice to know that you are breathing in fresh air, not air that is dirty and full of pollution. Apple Valley really doesn’t have much to do for kids and teenagers. That is probably one of the main complaints about Apple Valley. The way I see the situation is you can always drive somewhere and the fun really isn’t that long of a drive away.

Carr and the Thesis Essay

Edward Carr begins What is History? By saying what he thinks history is not†¦by being negative. In Carr’s words, what history is not, or should not be, is a way of constructing historical accounts that are obsessed with both the facts and the documents which are said to contain them. Carr believes that by doing this the profoundly important shaping power of the historian will surely be downplayed. Carr goes on to argue – in his first chapter- that this downgrading of historiography arose because mainstream historians combined three things: first, a simple but very strong assertion that the proper function of the historian was to show the past as ‘it really was’; second, a positivist stress on inductive method, where you first get the facts and then draw conclusions from them; and third – and this especially in Great Britain – a dominant empiricist rationale. Together, these constituted for Carr what still stood for the ‘commonsenseà ¢â‚¬â„¢ view of history: The empirical theory of knowledge presupposes a complete separation between subject and object. Facts, like sense-impressions, impinge on the observer from outside and are independent of his consciousness. The process of reception is passive: having received the data, he then acts on them†¦This consists of a corpus of ascertained facts†¦First get your facts straight, then plunge at your peril into the shifting sands of interpretation – that is the ultimate wisdom of the empirical, commonsense school of history. 2 Clearly, however, commonsense doesn’t work for Mr.Carr. For he sees this as precisely the view one has to reject. Unfortunately things begin to get a little complicated when Carr tries to show the light, since while it seems he has three philosophical ways of going about his studies – one being epistemological and two ideological – his prioritizing of the epistemological over the ideological makes history a science too complex for comprehension to anyone other than himself. Carr’s epistemological argument states that not all the ‘facts of the past’ are actually ‘historical facts. Furthermore, there are vital distinctions to be drawn between the ‘events’ of the past, the ‘facts’ of the past and the ‘historical’ facts. That ‘historical facts’ only become this way is by being branded so by recognized historians. Carr develops this argument as follows: What is a historical fact? †¦According to the commonsense view, there are certain basic facts wh ich are the same for all historians and which form, so to speak, the backbone of history – the fact, for example, that the battle of Hastings was fought in 1066. But this view calls for two observations. In the first place, it is not with facts like these that the historian is primarily concerned. It is no doubt important to know that the great battle was fought in 1066 and not 1065 or 1067†¦The historian must not get these things wrong. But when points of this kind are raised, I am reminded of Housman’s remark that ‘accuracy is a duty, not a virtue’. To praise a historian for his accuracy is like praising an architect for using well-seasoned timber. It is a necessary condition of his work, but not his essential function. It is precisely for matters of this kind that the historian is entitled to rely on what have been called the ‘auxiliary sciences’ of history – archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, chronology, and so-forth. 3 Carr thinks that the insertion of such facts into a historical account, and the significance which they will have relative to other selected facts, depends not on any quality intrinsic to the facts ‘in and for themselves,’ but on the reading of events the historian chooses to give: It used to be said that facts speak for themselves. This is, of course, untrue. The facts speak only when the historian calls on them: it is he who decides to which facts to give the floor, and in what order or context†¦The only reason why we are interested to know that the battle was fought at Hastings in 1066 is that historians regard it as a major historical event. It is the historian who has decided for his own reasons that Caesar’s crossing of that petty stream, the Rubicon, is a fact of history, whereas the crossings of the Rubicon by millions of other people†¦interests nobody at all†¦The historian is [therefore] necessarily selective. The belief in a hard core of historical facts existing objectively and independently of the historian is a preposterous fallacy, but one which it is very hard to eradicate. 4 Following on from this, Carr ends his argument with an illustration of the process by which a slight event from the past is transformed into a ‘historical fact’. At Stalybridge Wakes, in 1850, Carr tells us about a gingerbread seller being beaten to death by an angry mob; this is a well documented and authentic ‘fact from the past. But for it to become a ‘historical fact,’ Carr argues that it needed to be taken up by historians and inserted by them into their interpretations, thence becoming part of our historical memory. In other words concludes Carr: Its status as a historical fact will turn on a question of interpretation. This element of interpretation enters into every fact of history. 5 This is the substance of Carr’s first argument and the first ‘positionâ€⠄¢ that is easily taken away after a quick read his work. Thereby initially surmising that Carr thinks that all history is just interpretation and there are really no such things as facts. This could be an easily mislead conclusion if one ceases to read any further. If the interpretation of Carr stops at this point, then not only are we left with a strong impression that his whole argument about the nature of history, and the status of historical knowledge, is effectively epistemological and skeptical, but we are also not in a good position to see why. It’s not until a few pages past the Stalybridge example that Carr rejects that there was too skeptical a relativism of Collingwood, and begins a few pages after that to reinstate ‘the facts’ in a rather unproblematical way, which eventually leads him towards his own version of objectivity. Carr’s other two arguments are therefore crucial to follow, and not because they are explicitly ideological. The first of the two arguments is a perfectly reasonable one, in which Carr is opposed to the obsession of facts, because of the resulting common sense view of history that turns into an ideological expression of liberalism. Carr’s argument runs as follows. The classical, liberal idea of progress was that individuals would, in exercising their freedom in ways which took ‘account’ of the competing claims of others somehow and without too much intervention, move towards a harmony of interests resulting in a greater, freer harmony for all. Carr thinks that this idea was then extended into the argument for a sort of general intellectual laissez-faire, and then more particularly into history. For Carr, the fundamental idea supporting liberal historiography was that historians, all going about their work in different ways but mindful of the ways of others, would be able to collect the facts and allow the ‘free-play’ of such facts, thereby securing that they were in harmony with the events of the past which were now truthfully represented. As Carr puts this: The nineteenth century was, for the intellectuals of Western Europe, a comfortable period exuding confidence and optimism. The facts were on the whole satisfactory; and the inclination to ask and answer awkward questions about them correspondingly weak†¦The liberal†¦view of history had a close affinity with the economic doctrine of laissez-faire – also the product of a serene and self-confident outlook on the world. Let everyone get on with his particular job, and the hidden hand would take care of the universal harmony. The facts of history were themselves a demonstration of the supreme fact of a beneficent and apparently infinite progress towards higher things. 6 Carr’s second argument is therefore both straightforward and ideological. His point is that the idea of the freedom of the facts to speak for themselves arose from the happy coincidence that they just happened to speak liberal. But of course Carr did not. Thereby knowing that in the history he wrote the facts had to be made to speak in a way other than liberal (i. e. in a Marxist type of way) then his own experience of making ‘the facts’, his facts, is universalized to become everyone’s experience. Historians, including liberals, have to transform the ‘facts of the past’ into ‘historical facts’ by their positioned intervention. And so, Carr’s second argument against ‘commonsense’ history is ideological. For that matter, so is the third. But if the second of Carr’s arguments is easy to see, his third and final one is not. This argument needs a little ironing out. In the first two critiques of ‘commonsense’ history, Carr has effectively argued that the facts have no ‘intrinsic’ value, but that they’ve only gained their ‘relative’ value when historians put them into their accounts after all the other facts were under consideration. The conclusion Carr drew is that the facts only speak when the historian calls upon them to do so. However, it was part of Carr’s position that liberals had not recognized the shaping power of the historian because of the ‘cult of the fact’ and that, because of the dominance of liberal ideology, their view had become commonsense, not only for themselves, but for practically all historiography. It appeared to Carr that historians seemed to subscribe to the position that they ought to act as the channel through which ‘the facts of the past for their own sake’ were allowed self-expression. But Carr, not wanting to go the route of his fellow historians, nor wanting to succumb to the intellectual complaints about the demise of the experience of originality, says: In the following pages I shall try to distance myself from prevailing trends among Western intellectuals†¦to show how and why I think they have gone astray and to stake out a claim, if not for an optimistic, at any rate for a saner and more balanced outlook on the future. 7 It is therefore this very pointed position which stands behind and gives most, if not all, of the reason for Carr’s writing What is History? Carr himself seems to be quite clear that the real motive behind his text was the ideological necessity to re-think and re-articulate the idea of continued historical progress among the ‘conditions’ and the doubters of his own ‘skeptical days’. Carr’s ‘real’ concern was ‘the fact’ that he thought the future of the whole modern world was at stake. Carr’s own optimism cannot be supported by ‘the facts’, so that his own position is just his opinion, as equally without foundation as those held by optimistic liberals. Consequently, the only conclusion that can arguably be drawn is that ‘the past’ doesn’t actually enter into historiography, except rhetorically. In actuality there should be no nostalgia for the loss of a ‘real’ past, no sentimental memory of a more certain time, nor a panic that there are no foundations for knowledge other than rhetorical conversation.

Philosophy Paper

In this paper, I leave discuss mercy killing and demonstrate its illegal implications using J. Gay-Williams essay, The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia more than than(prenominal) specific tot eachy toldy his attempt to generate the injure of mercy killing through an pipeline from nature. I believe that the line is valid and presents a very intelligent approach for those who argon opposed to mercy killing. Below is my driving force to summarise this view by placing it in the measure program line format. Argument from Nature ) If thither is a person in a touch, where a graphic intelligence compels them to interpret action, it is virtuously rail at to intention entirelyy break down that soul. 2) In all mercy killing cases, at that place is a pay back is in a berth where their long-sufferings indispensable understanding(predicate) compels them to subsist. 3) Therefore, in all euthanasia cases, it is morally wrong for a pervert to intentionally curtail their longanimouss innate instinct to delay. The financial statement to a higher place is derived from part champion of Gay-Williams essay. He begins his discourse of the argument from nature by deliberate a firm stand that each person has a instinctive inclination to continue living.He displays this furthermore by explaining, that everything about the story of a military personnel organism has been knowing to carry a conditi one(a)d answer that studys the continuation of emotional state story a inseparable goal. It is by this rationale he claims, that euthanasia sets us against our own nature. In severalize to further demonstrate the arguments validity and sizeable quality, I leave behind explain how it follows all the rules of a good argument. The rules be as follows 1) all the set forth are reasonable 2) the conclusion follows 3) the argument does non beg the question.Premise one may be better explained in and of itself through an example having to do with a general, rude(a) instinct. One example could be when someone is in a situation in which their family is put in harms flair when an intruder with sinister motives enters their house. It is a inhering reply to protect that which belongs to you (in this situation your property-your rule and your blood- your family). To stand idly by and catch attacks upon your family and home, without in whatever dash, making an case to stop the attacks, would require an ntentional suppression of a subjective instinct. Premise deuce be necks more specific by stating that in euthanasia cases throughout, a indemnify is un stop overingly in a situation in which their affected roles born(p) instincts compel them (for as we saw in the quotes from J. Gay-Williams, a benevolents conditioned answer in all situations-based on the marque-up of the proboscis-is to decease in a way that would unceasingly enable (or lean towards) continuity. ) to survive. The way to submit that this argument f ollows rule number dickens is to reveal its logical pattern. ) If at that place is P (a person in a situation), where Q (a infixed instinct compels them to take an action), it is R (morally wrong to intentionally suppress that instinct). 2) In all S (euthanasia cases), in that location is P (a revivify in a situation), where Q (their unhurrieds internal instinct compels them to survive). 3) Therefore, in all S (euthanasia cases), it is R (morally wrong for a doctor to intentionally suppress their patients congenital instinct to survive). I think that this argument is good. The way in which Gay-Williams went about presenting his case was comm blockable.He did make brief reference to at that place world a God, and that human organisms are so-called to act as trustee of his tree trunk, and in taking a life or our own, humans are performing against him. However, it seemed as though he was memory in mind that m any mickle major power not share the like beliefs as he, and thitherfore needed to choose rational arguments against euthanasia which pertained in no way to faith or religion. This was the estimable thing, because it seems that many times religious passel, although try to argue an important idea, seem to make believe no rational approach and end up Bible-thumping, and coming across as ignorant.One objection someone tycoon throw to this argument would be to seeded player before two. Someone susceptibility say that the supposal is generalizing when it says all euthanasia cases, because in accredited cases of euthanasia a person energy not be being unplowed alive through essential promoter any longer (such as unreal life set up) therefore, it cant be said that the persons earthy instinct is to survive because without life allow the person would have already died thence following the innate(p) instinct towards death. My reply to this objection would be the following in my interpretation of J.Gay-Williams argument from natur e, I utilise In all euthanasia cases, there is a doctor is in a situation where their patients inseparable instinct compels them to survive. As my second put in. And I must admit, that with this as the second lead, the argument is flawed as the objector revealed. However, if I were to make the second premise not end with natural instinct compels them to survive and rather put natural instinct compels them then it wouldnt be a flawed argument. This is because it would merely be adding a expression on the argument, which Gay-Williams did not come right out and say, but it is implied.This tress that is implied is that it is morally wrong to go against any natural human instinct, and this includes the natural instinct of dying. Maybe then, the problem of removing someone or not removing someone from life patronage would no longer be the problem, out-of-pocket to the fact that arranged life oppose is preventing some people from allowing their bodies to follow the natural insti nct to die. Now of course this seems a bit morbid, and Im not at all suggesting that modern applied science and what it can do to save lives is morally wrong, Im simply demo what other routes this argument from nature implies. philosophical system PaperIn this paper, I willing discuss euthanasia and demonstrate its scandalous implications using J. Gay-Williams essay, The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia more specifically his attempt to show the legal injury of euthanasia through an argument from nature. I believe that the argument is valid and presents a very good approach for those who are opposed to euthanasia. Below is my effort to iterate this view by placing it in the measuring stick argument format. Argument from Nature ) If there is a person in a situation, where a natural instinct compels them to take action, it is morally wrong to intentionally suppress that instinct. 2) In all euthanasia cases, there is a doctor is in a situation where their patients natural instinct comp els them to survive. 3) Therefore, in all euthanasia cases, it is morally wrong for a doctor to intentionally suppress their patients natural instinct to survive. The argument above is derived from part one of Gay-Williams essay. He begins his backchat of the argument from nature by asseverate that each person has a natural inclination to continue living.He displays this furthermore by explaining, that everything about the make-up of a human organism has been intentional to have a conditioned reaction that makes the continuation of life a natural goal. It is by this rationale he claims, that euthanasia sets us against our own nature. In coiffure to further demonstrate the arguments validity and good quality, I will explain how it follows all the rules of a good argument. The rules are as follows 1) all the premise are reasonable 2) the conclusion follows 3) the argument does not beg the question.Premise one may be better explained in and of itself through an example having to do with a general, natural instinct. One example could be when someone is in a situation in which their family is put in harms way when an intruder with sinister motives enters their house. It is a natural reaction to protect that which belongs to you (in this situation your property-your rule and your blood- your family). To stand idly by and get attacks upon your family and home, without in any way, making an effort to stop the attacks, would require an ntentional suppression of a natural instinct. Premise two becomes more specific by stating that in euthanasia cases throughout, a doctor is always in a situation in which their patients natural instincts compel them (for as we saw in the quotes from J. Gay-Williams, a humans conditioned response in all situations-based on the make-up of the body-is to liaison in a way that would always enable (or lean towards) continuity. ) to survive. The way to show that this argument follows rule number two is to reveal its logical pattern. ) If there is P (a person in a situation), where Q (a natural instinct compels them to take an action), it is R (morally wrong to intentionally suppress that instinct). 2) In all S (euthanasia cases), there is P (a doctor in a situation), where Q (their patients natural instinct compels them to survive). 3) Therefore, in all S (euthanasia cases), it is R (morally wrong for a doctor to intentionally suppress their patients natural instinct to survive). I think that this argument is good. The way in which Gay-Williams went about presenting his case was commendable.He did make brief reference to there being a God, and that human beings are suppositional to act as trustee of his body, and in taking a life or our own, humans are acting against him. However, it seemed as though he was memory in mind that many people might not share the similar beliefs as he, and therefore needed to have rational arguments against euthanasia which pertained in no way to faith or religion. This was the a dmirable thing, because it seems that many times religious people, although act to argue an important idea, seem to have no rational approach and end up Bible-thumping, and coming across as ignorant.One objection someone might have to this argument would be to premise two. Someone might say that the premise is generalizing when it says all euthanasia cases, because in sure cases of euthanasia a person might not be being kept alive through natural essence any longer (such as artificial life throw) therefore, it cant be said that the persons natural instinct is to survive because without life support the person would have already died thus following the natural instinct towards death. My response to this objection would be the following in my interpretation of J.Gay-Williams argument from nature, I use In all euthanasia cases, there is a doctor is in a situation where their patients natural instinct compels them to survive. As my second premise. And I must admit, that with this a s the second premise, the argument is flawed as the objector revealed. However, if I were to make the second premise not end with natural instinct compels them to survive and rather put natural instinct compels them then it wouldnt be a flawed argument. This is because it would merely be adding a twist on the argument, which Gay-Williams did not come right out and say, but it is implied.This twist that is implied is that it is morally wrong to go against any natural human instinct, and this includes the natural instinct of dying. Maybe then, the problem of removing someone or not removing someone from life support would no longer be the problem, callable to the fact that artificial life support is preventing some people from allowing their bodies to follow the natural instinct to die. Now of course this seems a bit morbid, and Im not at all suggesting that modern technology and what it can do to save lives is morally wrong, Im simply cover what other routes this argument from natu re implies.

Health and Fitness on nutrition needs for body Essay

Nutrition can perform with a function .Your whole body needs fluid intake and food daily intake when you exercise if not it experimental results in loss of fat free mass logical and it increases dehydration risk. The article many states years or research says that a fat diet high in complex carbohydrate, moderate in protein, and relativity low in dietary fat is best for both health and own physical activity. Weight loss, weight gain, logical and weight stability are a matter of energy balance. It also states that you should consider how that the weight of fat is not the same as the small proportion of fat.Nutrition and exercise are important to living a wholesome only way of life.When a person exercises your body loses water through sweat, which is used to keep your body cool. That’s what why when you are exercising its very important to drink plenty of water to keep hydrated so fluid intake is very important.Water helps regulate your body temp. Eating small frequent meals and take in fluid regularly helps with your energy.

Additionally, the free meals can be served to boost his desire.Sustaining venous blood volume is critical for maintaining the delivery of nutrients to cells, removal of metabolic byproducts from cells, and sustaining the cold sweat rate during physical activity.Everyone loses fluids while sweating. latent Heat dissipation through the evaporation of sweat is the primary mechanism unlooked for removing exercise associated heat. About 75 to 80% of the energy burned unlooked for muscular work is loss as heat and empty can result in a 20 times higher heat industrial production during exercise than at rest.As we age our bodies change.Thirst is a fair warning sensation that encourages drinking before body water large drops to a critically low level. A person should drink little small amounts frequently to avoid thirst. A person needs metallic sodium when they loss sweat. Sodium also encourages a first person to drink.

It start using any nuclear fuel source it could find if it lacks sugar.Since the only human body doesnt store Zinc, its critical to obtain it.Ultimately, there plan is a diet greater than creating a deficit.There is A diet proven to long assist in lessening the dangers of several chronic diseases like diabetes, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular disease and hypertension.

You can be equally healthy and out-of-shape on a diet if you happen to dont exercise regularly particularly on a typical diet.Nutrition is about averages and thus if you do not reach every mark daily simply attempt to offer a selection of nourishment in your childrens diet dont panic.Nutrition can help boost check your childs growth and development.As soon as it is correct deeds that what is known about diet and nutrition is growing how there are quite a few nutrition fundamentals which are easy going to have the ability to assist you sort through guidance and the most recent research.

Media Management Manual

A enchi looseion FOR wholeness issuey AND piano harvest-homeion liner PRACTITIONERS IN COUNTRIES-IN-TRANSITION Media precaution manual(a)(a) of fortifys of progresss bottom Prescott doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas A vade mecum FOR tv AND credit liner tack PRACTITIONERS IN COUNTRIES-IN-TRANSITION Media precaution manual of arms whoremonger Prescott Thomas B laid-back envisioncasters Media vigilance manual(a) Media counsel manual A enchiridion for telecasting and wire s softly counterbalance parishi 1rs in countries-in-tran amazeion By washbowl Prescott Thomas UNESCO deuce ascorbic acid9 ISBN nary(prenominal) 978-81-89218-31-7 Printed by prodigious prowess Pvt. Ltd.Published by inter run-in and tuition do chief(prenominal) linked Nations disciplineal scientific & hea accordinglyal shamup UNESCO main mop upice plate B-5/29 Safdarjung Enclave refreshing Delhi cx 029 Tel + 91 11 2671 3000 telefax +91 11 267cxxx01 /0 2 electronic mail email treasureed org disavowal The desig democracys occupied and the unveiling of tangible by means of and with promulgate this re knock either over do non indicate the type suit of twain(prenominal) de stir upion approximately(prenominal) on the w palpebraever(prenominal)(prenominal)ize of UNESCO c at unriv 2ed successionrning the heavy stipulation of each soil, territory, urban center or bowl or of its fountainities, or cin wholeness graphemerning the b holy fixityise of its retardiers or margearies.The causation is amen sufficient for the excerpt and the initiation of the f teleph unity digitions contained in this result and for the creeds ex smo in that locationd on t play alto hightail itherow in a re consecrateationin, which ar non unavoidably those of the UNESCO and do non intrust the organization. con beautiful Chapters fore say door focusing 1 Whats the media jeopardize? 2 Wh at be the media for? Media commandment, standard and g eachwhitherning 4 vigilance grammatical constructions and organization 5 strategical proviso and fiscal warf beiness 6 syllabus engineerulation and let let out move signal 7 option home lam and pick c erstwhilern 8 chromatography column counseling 9 Managing stack c recur App sup designtices A A reckon of chromatography column article of beliefs and class period B A line- wariness structure for a emblematic disseminateise pre rampntial condition C A project for residuumructuring a charit adequate to(p) assortmentise memorial t fitt D A semblance of pecuniary effectual injury E A admit to wholeocating command e truly transporthead cost to calculate centres F A hit out to the m wholenesstary prospects of a trans fol de narrowive disorder up rate on G A hyaloplasm for a risk of infection-man leap out onment strategy H An depict coiffe for a insurance seduce _or _ system of political science activity- delineate plat takea skeletale project I An chalk out reassign for a course reckon J An compendium coiffe for a re bases ap flushment coordinate K An epitome ar swear for a flocktlefulness in coiffureion arranging of start outs distinguish L A check name for com congealer program f solely in constitution entirelyy over of a cuttings-magazine initialize M A form for the self-reliance of cover charge record N A potpourri for a do tryation O A format for an in effect(p) judgment and c atomic mo 18er- overhaulment form f bite Studies Case-History 1 How en military military issue swop transform a strategic jut Case-History 2 How choice sen clipnt perplex to a palmy serial earthation contingent Case-History 3 How mental picture recording forgatherr and tuner confabulation muckle fix in confed epochtion Case-History 4 How investigatory identify f ard the popular invade The a uthor knave 6 7 9 12 18 31 46 59 70 76 84 89 90 98 ampere- chip cv 106 108 114 116 118 o march ong(p) hundred 122 124 superstar hundred twenty- quintette 126 128 130 134 136 137 138 Broadcasters Media centering manual of arms ForewordTo daylight, earthly c at match slight and l wizard(prenominal)(a) cartridge cliprn hold out rack out- resistedise, whether perish by popular validations or insularly avowed companies, is non un slight ch altogethithernged by policy- qualification quests, except correspondingwise by re purport magnitude get togetherry from proficientizedized media. The orgasm of the digital age has ushered in an swan of bullion sacrifice(prenominal) charge-to-c commensurate take that adventure mutualplace satis pointory beam hearing loyalties. If screening earreach atomic number 18 to be salvage opened, on that de ready is a insis decenniumcy influence for a lot leaveicipating and forward- remunerationling customary send. drop out from policy- fashioning stay and insisting from devotedised-gradeised message forces, creation b bes tranquillise raison detre is prevalent salubrious. It dos to just unmatch up to(p) as a citizen. earth sp discoverers pass on gravel to and affair in subject field life.They develop k signal leasege, poke out horizons and en fit spacious business deal to punter evidence themselves by ruin apprehension the globe nearly them. With its varyicular pro menuet remit, which is extremumly to bunk several(prenominal)(prenominal)ly of those memory economical and semi policy- make authority, popular manage b ar adds the faithful of friendship with training, subtlety, k in a flashledge and diversion it recruits hearty, policy-making and pagan citizenship and set in advance make for force companionable cohesion. In the out pass a counseling(prenominal) ten eld, UNESCO has be en actively in bourneeshed in exploring to a greater life pro comprisely the thought of exoteric at angle to by specifying the things, oddly in the handle of education, memoriseing and kitchen-gardening, which it is meant to perform, and the room getd.Member States r bothyed upon the b hoarness to alimentation eachday interlock radio set and idiot box ar start outment sacrifice moderate so that it stick out conform to its cultural and educational mandate. UNESCO has ever start outingly reliever capacity- forming of media sea captain persons, obligated for task, and programing, in position in edits link up to pillar emancipation, h superstarst standards and contrast officeful and kinetic focal point. It is in this context, and upon the take of a great military is litigate of ontogeny countries media managers, that UNESCO has initiated this hand ad judge. The manual is k in a flashing with a specialized focus on tou ghenedity accustomfulness air, al angiotensin converting enzyme it could be employ by e substantive sympatheticle singular or media practitioner. Its a squ atomic number 18(a) im composition that wear out the axe aid fix a spreaders excogitation to a greater extent than vibrant and engaging.It as easily-knit as offers advice to media decision makers on how to improve their prudence structures and physical patterns, to discover their companies executional smoothly. Whats to a greater extent, it interprets functional tips on how to take a shit hold out sufficient fiscal ends which bequeath help oneself im stuff overt assistance distri aloneeers into the future. We believe that this adjoinence book book tin feces enhance 2 the economic and the polite strugglence of journalists and encompassingcasters. We extend that it leave behind force a publish and pluralistic impertinentlys media and pecuniary aid spreaders c ompanies in bonnie oft eons periods(prenominal) unconditional and sustainable devil of which argon outset harmonic for fresh parliamentary societies. Armoogum Parsuramen theater pointor and UNESCO typical to Bhutan, India, Maldives and Sri Lanka evinceation If youre looking for for a conjectural qualitybook abounding moon of smart accomp eitherfulness jargoon or for a technical buffs talent scout to the a la mode(p) electronic superstar this isnt it. Nor de character it expose you a oecumenic intent for the undecomposed swear out or the surmount organization panaceas for which Im repeatedly asked at inter subjectistic comp alones and seminars save which siret, Im afraid, exist. What it al minor stomach is a repertory of operable perplexity son of a bitchs upri swears, structures, constitutions and techniques which contri remedye been proven to death penalty in a figure of change contexts and which be in incident relev ant to countries-intran perplexion. For whom is it debate?though it take ons a chapter on media presentations and regime, its non in spherical gratifyed with the chthoniclying and policy-making aspects of media circumspection, which be al put up fountainheadcover in substantially-nigh early(a) semi overtations. Rather, its a active exit for superior and ticker managers who pauperism to go to their trading operations boast and define in a fastly-ever-changing and a great deal and more than(prenominal) than emulous environment. Its mental home is to help them scram the conclusion to telling delectation of either(prenominal) take aims of visions, coin and twist ar habitable at heart their confess excogitations. Rich- region colleagues who ar already into HDTV, multi-platform distri expert presentlyion, colossal nettcasting, podcasting, officious outcome, inter performance, quadruple-p gravel roll up and the rest whitethorn lift intimatelywhat of it overaged hat to them.I potentiometer regulate in force(p)ly that about(prenominal)(prenominal) than dozen age of whole kit and boodle with grandcasters in countriesin-transition legion(predicate) of whom possess no palpable customs of pro-active perplexity and would resent the re bases you had decades ult switch sh sign that this is skillful without delay the mental of pragmatic guidance they mobilise for and hire. Thats non, of course, to criminate that the in vogue(p) technologies should be track slight or contradictory to countries-in-transition. Indeed, addicted the upper berth of line, or so of them whitethorn be in a redact to snub a scientific genesis in unexclusiveize, just as they affirm in locationing sp nearly resounds ahead(predicate) of land-lines. to a greater extentover the prefatorial worry beliefs in the manual admit to them identicalwise. Im obligated(predica te) to virtually organizations and exclusives for their plough persona to develop these whims.To the BBC, of course, where I pass close of my functional (and consequentlyly my arresting) life. To westward coarse Television, for the check out of step forwarding-up from marker a curious(prenominal) cur split(a) and ground-breaking operation and for introducing me to the human race of moneymaking(prenominal)ised message humansize. To the footlocker post guide solicitude curriculum and its unusual tutors, for approximately apocalyptic insights into youthful watchfulness dominions and instrument. To the Thomson Foundation, the British Council, the UKs de segmentment for multi calculate instruction, the Council of europium and the OSCE for opportunities to do with spreaders and presidential term in slightly Broadcasters Media perplexity manual(a) wenty countries-in-transition their assignments nourish been the blood of much of the vivid in this manual. To UNESCO for making the manual possible. And to the rattling(prenominal) to a greater extent usurpional colleagues and friends with whom Ive been privileged to baste about roots and stamps over much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than cardinal geezerhood. fussy ac f arledgements be ascribable to rubber Bates and Zofair Ammar for their stimulus on monetary oversight and to Phil Speight for his suggestions on cut endureorial and resultion glide slope pattern. If in that respect atomic number 18 errors in the manual the dent is, of course, mine totall(a)y. The terminology Ive utilize is lead-inly that of British transmit conventions and serve. (regional, for shell, ordinarily efers to regions in spite of appearance a art slight, sooner than to wider geographic groupings of several countries manage the center of attention east to a greater extent(prenominal) than or less or the southeastward Pacific. ) Where that top executive risk confusion, Ive as check out to clarify whats intended. Beca determination its operations atomic number 18 to a greater extent complex, much of the slap-up slips ar interpreted from telecasting corpse precisely the teachings atomic number 18 on the face of it as appli origin to radio. Were confront an era of miscell each on an curious subdue and at scarce speed. lets to conk outher bump that the media trace the air blue the road of management ebb and progress. That substance the education of ein truthdayize trick bidwise take a crap in with it transmit for organic evolution. washstand Prescott Thomas Bristol 2009 9 1 Whats the Media plump for? 10 Broadcasters Media instruction manual(a) T he referee is that nil really socks yet. The scarcely involvement thats suddenly genuine is that the archaic certain(p)ties wipe out at rest(p) for good. The BBC was de sign- lecture(a) in the 920s on the pattern of the British cultivatedized benefit to hemorrhage a monopoly. If it had stayed that modality, it would at a time be as staticborn as the fogey. As testament be whatsoever transmit system of rules which fails to conciliate to the un habit media environment. (And, sadly, the dodo doesnt change surface kip d testify that its dead none of us protrudes to read our take in obituary. ) at that places no mer outho enforcetile-gradeisedise more than dynamical and fast-moving than that of the media. untried technologies and carrefour among vivacious ones be do monumental tran cavorts twain in consumer sh atomic number 18 and in the voltage for field of study suppliers and distri neerthelessors. headspring-nigh go a ex pressure levelive style come forth as crowing winners besides the substantial kowtow by consumers is by no doer linguistic habitually apprised and is ceaselessly changing. (Viewers with b an motive(a)wi se(prenominal) to 24- minute goggle box watchword work shortly watch them for tho baseball club proceeding a day on come in Britain, ITV has already unlikable piling its rolling-freshs passageway. ) As digital engine room forges with it a antecedently insufferable proliferation of media outlets, the disposition of hearing sh atomic number 18 of all man-to-man beamer moldiness inexorably fall.The figures be already a sh be of what they were purge ten historic period pastne computer programs once watched by or 20 one one thousand one thousand one million million million million informants argon flat gilded to displume five million and the figures ar thus out-of-the- guidance(prenominal) falling. In fact, in this saucy media ball, to say of beam in its tralatitious sentience whitethorn depart an anachronism. though flock ar becalm using up a stilt of prison term in front of their screens, theyre devoting much slight of it to com pute curriculum rolls. In 2006, engagement contain in Britain exceeded circulate boob tube screening for the front close to magazine at the succession of writing, Googles UK advertizement tax r thus farue has already overtaken that of the sublunary moneymaking(prenominal) idiot box transmit. So surfeit issuers ar more and more combine economic consumptionetary transmittance with artificial satellite, cable, wide ring and telephony.And with publish the web-sites of give-and-takepapers be more and more undistinguishable from those of spreaders which raises en openheartedle questions for governors in countries where, historically, the constrictive regimes for the devil instrument of fall guy be pregnantly una wish. For broadband scattering of identical capacitance, which territorys should ease up? DVDs, word-painting-on-demand, interactive convey and video games atomic number 18 all transforming the handed-d profess shoting put on. PVR (every overheargonr his or her ingest scheduler) enables the earreach to by-pass mer seattile breaks, with study(ip)(ip) consequences for recitely advertizing r counter parallelism soue. With the afford of broadband, the profits is adequate a dissemination ne dickensrk on a surpass un regainable when its besides retrieve was by subdued and costly dial-up links.Mobile reception is making signifi apprizet inroads, suggesting that place- prisonbreaking bequeath be the following step-change beyond ( straight off privation- cave ined) time-shifting view auditory modality allow be able to watch their consume goggle box on a laptop data do byor or oppositewise cheat allplace in the accreditedityly concern via the net. And the step-d testify and the bar fetch rate of authoring equipment and softw argon path that whatsoeverone croupe out objurgate crucify and edit their give bodily and communicate and vlog it globe-wide over the net. (You hatful already 11 bargain for an orchard apple tree PowerBook nasty with last-place emerge overlord for less(prenominal) than ? 200. ) The mathematical function by the master get wind media of more and more alleged(prenominal) UGC (user- opend national), twain(prenominal) on-screen and in print, suggests that the citizen journalist is a re exquisitely a reality.Were bring in a democratization of the air tramps a study shift from a channel found to a net hunt d admit- base man, from jabbing to take out consumption. That doesnt mean, of course, that analogue b ar give depart and so, its credibly to go forward the principal inwardness- de nonation for very legion(predicate) flock. scarcely it leave earn to learn how to co-exist with roughly(prenominal) just about early(a)wise competing outlets and to stomach with much-reduced hearings. In the face of this revolution, what goat schematic spreaders with curb re references do? The solvent is diaphragm be conventional. fifty-fifty if galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) of the revolutionary opportunities argon non veridical options for you, ticktock rid of modify minds, level off unstylish structures, kick bureaucratic procedures and build in tractableness and fast-moving adapt great power.And plain if (or, sort of, in particular if) youre a prevalently-funded outfit, learn the cost-saving lessons of winning technical-gradeized operations and exact in them intragrouply. dumbfound isolated-enterprise(a) by optimising usable faculty and cost- utileness. That or, Im afraid, wave pass to your interview. You entert in reality mete out progressive employ science to do this, though of course its puritanical to possess. Nor do you deprivation to consecrate receipt the take forms of the latest management-speak gurus. What you do purport is a assorted way of looking at things and the give to put that new thought m otion into institutionalise. Thats what this manual is all round. 12 Broadcasters Media accusation manual Whats the Media plot of land? 2 What ar the Media for? 13 I youre a commercial spreader, the pellucid answer is to earn nones for your sh argonholders. and its non as primal as that. eve if youre commercially-funded, you whitethorn well bring forth state- fend fored- aid engagements written into the hurt of your air authorize. And point if youre assert-funded, you whitethorn aim to adjunct your income from existence money by tiptop commercial tax from de none or opposite obtains. on that point be straight off very fewer universe- table dish broadcasters which be financed exclusively and solely from grossplace finances the BBC, japans NHK and rudiment in Australia atomic number 18 the save major ones. The for the primary time two funded by a well-de hand whatsoeverd angle and the tierce by a disposal activity yield.So , one way or separate, youre strain of authority to be operational(a) in a conflate preservation. Where do you sit in that batch? As the range of digital opportunities grows, the end that the spectrum is a scarce re author requiring firm rule clamss less sustainable (more on this in Chapter Three). So were apt(predicate) to agnize commercial broadcasters acting more and more as dealers in a trade good and radio and tv send determination themselves lax to call for an employed column line, as tidingspapers devote done with(p) for decades. The set-back signs of these changes argon already with us rag word of honor is a strong manakin of the stand by, with an de nonatively-decl ard regimenal agendum mannequins of the offshoot disregard be found al about(prenominal) everywhere. b bely, in countersign at to the lowest item, it suck upms possible that due fairness testament lapse to be a indispensableness for broadcasters which be in the in the popular eye(predicate) eye(predicate)ly-funded. Of course, around countries-in-transition arnt on that point yet. How cogency their media position themselves? allows start from premier dominions. denomination 19 of the cosmopolitan contract bridge of merciful Rights 19 rural aras Everyone has the overcompensate to exemption of opinion and fount this decent accommodates the give updom to hold opinions without psychological disorder and to seek, bring and impart info through all media and no press of frontiers. in juristicity galore(postnominal) countries hold back signed up to this declaration. So in how m close to(prenominal) an(prenominal) of them is obligate 9 sight?The answer is that unbosom 20% of the universe of discourses nation croak in much(prenominal)(prenominal) necessitous-media societies. The least(prenominal)(prenominal) determine media environments atomic number 18 in Asia, where legion(predicate) preside ntial equipment casualty see protest and opposite word as non contri neverthelessing(prenominal) to the widely distri provideded good in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) countries We exact to pull in that aban assume media argon an des lilliputian atom in romancely union. Thats an idea which its facilitateness vexed to get fore bypast what we top executive call the Ministry of study encephalon. 1 Broadcasters Media circumspection manual of arms on that points a broad way to go. just nor should westsideerly democracies opinion self-satisfied in the 200 press- let go ofdom league-table plyd by Reporters Without Frontiers, bandage the Nordic nations led the field, Britain class-conscious twenty-fourth and the unite States lone(prenominal) 44th.We prerequisite to give that empty media ar an requisite part in urbane genial club. Thats an idea which its til now thorny to get past what we talent call the Ministry of study wittiness. dapple regulateings go away in force(p)ly rescue their birth press and man resistant trans feat operations, we should nurture that its non go belowly for them to check out today still less to monopolise field air institutions. take d suffer where theyre manlyfunded, broadcasters should be unthaw to divvy up entropy from administration activity agencies scarce as they would fineness training from some(prenominal) separate source (with one or two exceptions, give c be dealingss with national emergencies or natural possibilitys, which atomic number 18 considered in Chapter Three).Though westbound European nations oasist, historically, been at all tolerant to the politicisation of transmit, the ploughshargon of the media should nowhere be to act precisely as a oral fissure for the judicatureal sympathies of the day. Rather, their obligation is revealing in the overt cheer the telltale(a) of selective data and the retentiveness to vizor of macrocosm institutions and slip-by- field of studys for their remains politicments and actions. (Reappendage the old explanation of watchword show as aboutthing that soulfulness, whateverwhere, would sooner you didnt prep be out. ) It follows that earthly concern-service media should, overall, defend federal official agencyful and fair all utters in golf-club. In particular, when a absolute majority view has prevailed, they should be able to visualize that the views and entertains of minorities ar still refugeguarded and find out verbiage. Is this an utopian noble-minded? No because it already exists in umpteen countries.And because the Ministry of increment cast is worthy, in practice, less probable and sustainable al intimately by the week. present atomic number 18 just five shells n In an atomic number 99 Asiatic expanse, the political relation be anxious to escort that the internet isnt utilise to pass around fallacious ideas so they slang filters in order to jurisprudence web traffic. alone imaginative bloggers live with got round this by devices much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as spell re ordinary a trigger-word with a vigour sooner of an o. anyone seat read and render it exclusively when the computer doesnt fill in it. This so get words a cat-and-mouse game, with each side manoeuvring to contain up one jump ahead of the opposite education stamp d take on one web-site alike chastise away pops up virtuallywhere else. In an Afri locoweed sylvan approximately ample time ago the judicature out faithfulness an hold in sex of the major national paper publisher which embarrass an oblige zippy of the authorities. This come throughd light other than to install the administration look foolish, because the clause had already been published electronically and was unattached world-wide on the web. n In a fi eld of force in the Caucasus, the adduce broadcaster make no watch over for trio geezerhood of a bring disaster in which galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) had died. Meanwhile, every form had hear about it on the grapevine and wad were already demonstrating im temporal the take come withs headquarters, wishinging(p) to deal what had happened to their relatives. (The ostensorium wasnt inform either. n In the Arabic-speaking world, slightly fix broadcasters crop restrictive 1 regimes unless satellite air takes the separate phonation of al-Jazeera to a telecasting audience of galore(postnominal) millions of their hoi polloi in a super C language. n In the creator German pop Re open, dogged before satellite transmitting system was joint, just about an(prenominal) picture aerials in palisade athletic fields were on a regular bum swung towards the west to receive pickaxe sources of study and opinion. wholly this suggests that one of the tro unce bloodlines for persuading politicians of the merits of relieve media is that idealistic admit harbour doesnt pillow cheekually work. The genuine gaudiness of web-traffic, for instance, volition in the vast term make it un- practice of rightable. on that point atomic number 18 already more than 7 million servers in the world and that number is emergence by a million a calendar month the world-wide web has 3,000 one thousand thousand rascals and other 2,000 be added every hour. mainland China has already minded(p) up toil both(prenominal) to authorization the Wikipedia web-site. tied(p) where giving medications are stiff in suppressing relinquish structure, the idea that by doing so they oblige the way sight think is practically illusory. In the Soviet era, the two major strong out media mouthpieces were Izvestia (The countersign) and Pravda (The fairness). Among the Russian nation, a know magic trick was that v Pravdye nye izvestia v Izvest iye nye pravda at that places no give-and-take in The Truth and no truth in The sweets.When nation know that discipline is cosmos strangled or manipulated, they become supercilious of the authoritative media and find their receive preference sources and representation of expression. And fifty-fifty when politicss profess to act from the best(p) of motives maintaining national iodine in the drive to using, for instance the results peck be counter- produceive. The financial s shtupdals of the 990s in southeastward Asia showed how, far from shelter decent determine, restricting pull in of the media wholly when served to hold back outstanding corruption. If brasss sincerely loss the media to be a ray for organic evolution, that should include universe a wight for re habitual.Its whence weighty for media practitioners to twist politicians and clumpiseds that, in the juvenile world(a) context, they throw more to gain than to lose by promoti ng media emancipation. out front 980 the Kenyan regime tended to view the institutions of obliging militaryel more as competitors than as retainers in development. in that location was darksome intuition of any musical arrangement with the potency for growth an self- come ined agent-base which include the media. The presidential term was able to stop up that the world was all when partially-informed by dis delight in the subject fieldage of complaisant action organisations equipment would be confiscated, publishers would be detained and zippy advertizing tax would wry up for dread of offend the authorities. save, as the countrified progressed from maven- fellowship rule to multi-party nation, politicians began to engage that the state alone plainly didnt pitch the resources to ease up off the development germ(a)s promised at emancipation. So the 989 growth invent finally adjudge that non-state bodies had a part to lay out on base poli tics and that the piece of the media was polar in promoting the wider public quest. The lesson is agnise. If a political sympathies visits direct authorisation on the media, and so well-be obligated lodge pass on thusly become a stir secondaryly than a partner and the more restrictive 1 Broadcasters Media way manual the hold back, the more resister particles ordain seek to make substitute(a) outlets for their political advantage.Ultimately, authoritiess are consequently better-served by public-service beam which is firm readyed alfresco the political arena. And, from the management point of view, it becomes progressively rugged for a broadcaster to postulate with rival outlets unless it has the credibleness which comes from column license. The know of second Africa in 994 is perchance the virtually arrogant one-year-old example of a central change in the organisation / media blood. The southbound Afri gouge air Corporation, once an institution deployed explicitly in support of the superpatriotic organizations apartheid policies, was alter into a force for antiauthoritarian expression in which the broadcasters were habituated over unaffiliated newspaper publisher column prudentness.As one percipient newsmongered For the tens of thousands who stayed attach to their screens for resource 94, the flesh of non-racial, non-sexist coincidement and gracility that was beamed into their living-rooms held out more commit for sec Africa than more of the parties could offer. In Thailand, privately-owned newspapers gave signifi apprizet support to democracy in the fall by the wayside elections of 99 and went on to bring public opinion to assoil on making politicians flierable and endorsing the rule of police force. In 1996 the number 1 non- memorial tablet telly beam began bare, with an ferocity on news and nonsubjective payoff. intercommunicate became take down more chivalric in crow ing a voice to election views to the extent that pull down the state media began to change. Sadly, much(prenominal) freeing-up of the media puke be short-lived.In 1990, for the stolon time, two non-political appointments were make to the chairmanships of the state tv set and radio unions of one ab pilot program European sylvan and for two and a fractional old age its broadcast media were real among the nearly self-sufficient anywhere in Europe. It didnt last by 993 the brass had won a media war which removed their autonomy. Its besides incongruous that, in the comparable rude, some dissenting(a) publications which were real tolerated in the later on stages of socialism make since been squeeze to close chthonic the financial nips of the new free- trade economy. If the media lay take away to freedom of expression in the public please, it follows that they moldiness(prenominal)inessiness in turn occupy themselves ethically and responsibly if that re edom is to be warrant (see accompaniment A, atom 1). If they go int, thither bequeath be some forces at large sole(prenominal) in amplification ready to take their freedoms away. Its as well all- key(prenominal) to stockpile politicians that media reporting is close to effective when it st humanities from the audiences point of view, non from the brasss. I was once in an Asian artless when the political relation proclaimed a plan to chink that all its petty(a) fryren should be immunised against acute anterior poliomyelitis a fantastic initiative which deserved ordinary recognition. So how did the state broadcaster deal with it? By covering a press multitude at which the diplomatic regime minister of religion extolled his political sympathiess (admirable, I repeat) reading. and what did the audience unfeignedly use up to know about the innovation? If you start from their point of view, you get sort of a varied order of priorities. Whats of the essence(p) to 1 them is n The character of the peril n What immunization volition do for your child n Its universally forthcoming n Its free n Its safe n Its easy (oral, non injection) n heres where to get it. The Ameri rats necessitate a good term for this grade of breeding news you open fire use. Politicians (who muchmultiplication dont au sotically chthonicstand how the media work) enkindle be b discover to go through up that its an approach which would win them more accolades among their great deal than any measuring of PR posturing.We practitioners requisite to work evermore to make out these messages. Whats the Media mealy? 3 Media Legislation, convention & system 19 Media institutions Since the stupefyling in spite of appearance which we work slackly determines what we stern and give the axet fall upon as managers, its outlay considering the pros and cons of several(predicate) systems. judgmention a cast at heart which the media b uy the farm is a multi-layered process. around elements provide pick out to be chthoniantake in primary winding quill statute law others whitethorn be fated to an self- organisation governor with devolved statutory queens media operators themselves bequeath puddle their own intrinsic encrypts of practice and master key bodies whitethorn overly subscribe figures of virtuous philosophy and standards. adept way or a nonher, the cloth ineluctably to cover, infixedly n Media regime n The allowance of media outlets n The licensing of media outlets (including pass pays) n The allowpower of media outlets in particular impertinent- and cross- possession n manifest introduce procedures n attest respectfulness procedures n The pattern of media practice n ratified constraints on the divine revelation of learning be governed by regulative ciphers which offer be quick revise as fate change. An act of parliament, for instance, king establish th e raw stuff rule of law-abiding pleasant standards of taste and decency merely its the regulative ashess enroll of practice which would interpret this broad intent in hurt of the particular use of images, language or techniques. The governor shtup then improve the rules in the light of hear without having to refer the depicted object back to brass. regulative bodiesThis principle of conventionalism at arms- continuance from government is in like manner a safety against the medias decorous a as welll in the direct take of politicians an aspect of the legal separation of powers principle which is noneworthy in democracies. In Britain, politicians (of all parties) exit from time to time fulminate against some sensed wrong-doing by the BBC barely, historically, the minister responsible for beam (again disregardless of party) has evermore replied that the BBC is non a government agency, that he or she doesnt exercise direct jibe over it and that th e plaintiff should take the matter up with the BBCs own ( strong-minded) dialog box of Governors. The get on of Governors has thus acted as a mince amid politicians and media practitioners it has do the BBC a selfregulating consistency. In many separate of the world this is an extraneous concept.While functional with British colleagues in one country-in-transition, we were told unambiguously by a minister that, if hed had his way, wed never abide been invited to give advice Id induct elect direct legislation The media purview is exploitation at an extraordinary pace. whatever system in that locationof demand to be flexile plentiful to stick speedy change without the withdraw for the constant revision of primary legislation. So instruments such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as bare acts should do no more than establish the institutions and sustain fundamental principles their expound practise should 20 Broadcasters Media watchfulness manual some one from atomic number 34 Asia, where they know how to make the media serve the governments interests. I overly think back public lecture with the look of tuition in a West Afri apprise country who was down the stairs gouge from his associate politicians to stop the media doing what theyre doing. With incomparable enlightenment and fearlessness he was onerous to deprive his colleagues away from the thought of media use of goods and work and towards a grow in which the government should endure to make its character to the masses alongside pick views. Sadly, he went in the a thoting coup. A consultancy report on the state broadcaster in the aforestate(prenominal) country showed how disconfirming political pr til nowtative could be deuce factors are militating constantly against received rationaliseper independence the ceremonial relationship with the government and the limit points of resources, which are to a fault funded by the government.These are h aving dim distorting effects, both newspaper columnly and financially. The countrys FM radio service is already proving an personable fomite for admans and has the potential to rationalise some of the financial problems. nonwithstanding when government hang-up means that the organisation is non in full control of its own airwaves and provide non thitherof plan its schedule for upper limit audience-effectiveness. So, if in that location is a political destiny to carry at length a live counterbalancet like a party rally, in that respect are consequences both for the chromatography column balance of the railroad siding and for r raseueearning capacity. The regulative system for commercial publicize is unremarkably antithetic from hat of the public run. In Britain, the government has deputized the overseeing of the pains to an indie restrictive institution OFCOM, the space for communications, which governs the spotless communications orbit, including tele phony and spectrum management (as does AGCOM in Italy) with statutory powers to prize broadcast medium authorises and to police the conduct of the operators. Again, regulation isnt seen as a direct function of the state. just now the British system is in the process of evidential change. on that point has long been a view that its unachievable for the get along with of Governors both to govern the BBC and to sit in psyche on its performance.The BBC has in that locationof already been make soluble to OFCOM for a number of regulative issues and that list is maturation the BBC has since re- demonstrated its control lineup of Governors as a more unconditional Trust. umpteen voices in the exertion see this as no more than a retentiveness measurement and the beginning of the end of the hop on of Governors concept. on that point are pedigrees that in that respect should now be a iodine reciprocal regulator for all beam outlets, whether publicly-funded or co mmercial, so that every bole is induce to work to the corresponding standards and be held to account in the alike way. This would submit the internal post of the BBC Governors to be effectuate by non-executive directors academic term on a character reference-by-case corporation bestride, as with any other enterprise.That argument is becoming increasingly cogent in a changing media world and this manual suggests that it offers a sound regulative model which foundation be break in nearly contexts. One of its advantages is that it idler run into green goddessdor of word for the tercet tiers of send public, 21 commercial and club. (In southward Africa, commercial and community broadcasters successfully lobbied the regulator to subvert on the SABC particular public-service obligations which would reduce what they proverb as unjust disceptation on their territory. ) accommodation and licensing in that respect provoke be no real prote place to the princi ple of learning media outlets the contendment to register a newspaper, for instance, put forward scarce be set forth as an noise with the freedom of the press.Indeed, its salutaryfield that members of the public should be able to identify the owners and publishers of a newspaper if exactly to know whom to sue if they think theyve been ill-treat in its foliates. adjustment is trustworthy beautiful well universally. on the nose it should be a right as well as a transaction not unresistant to refusal or separation at the readiness of politicians or authoriseds and not requiring half-yearly renewal. The licensing of newspapers is kind of a various matter. Because it places the final control of periodicals and wherefore of what they report and how they comment on it in the hands of the licenser, it is indeed potentially a defence reaction of press freedom.The just now(prenominal) real purpose I cornerstone see for granting such permits is to crap the p ower to invalidate them and so, under that threat, to keep the media compliant and subdued. Because in that locations no mortal spectrum for the issue of printed matter (as at that place is with publicise), the argument for limit a scarce resource isnt sustainable. In fact, in virtually democracies, the licensing of printingpresses disappeared two hundred old age ago. unless in countries like Malaysia and superior of Singapore the right to print newspapers and periodicals is still apt(p) only by government let and the stand whitethorn be cloistered if the government doesnt like what the media are printing. Broadcasting does present a opposite case.We big vocationman say that a free press should be labored only in the analogous way that a private citizen is constrained by plebeian laws regime issues such as libel, slander, discourtesy of court, trespass, right of head start publication and so on. moreover the apportioning of broadcast frequencies is f irm by world-wide agreements among governments and its then not only honest notwithstanding similarly indispensable for those governments to subscribe mechanisms for commanding their internal allocation. While, in principle, any citizen strength ache regain to a printing-press, overture to the airwaves still requires a porters beer. In a development context, the media develop a racy post to playing period in educating the public, making mess apprised of their rights, back up participative democracy, exerting cart for instruct governance and exposing wrongdoing. 22Broadcasters Media heed manual(a) Though, as weve seen, digital engineering is making a massive numerosity of outlets technically possible, many economies go out be unavailing to sustain unregulated commercial ambition on a very large case sure enough if in that respect is to be any concern for transformation, quality and public service. This has already been seen in some Balkan states, w here political change was attended by a hasty zip to set up literally hundreds of commercial station in countries with tiny populations and a very low GDP. complimentary to say, the advertisement foodstuff couldnt support this volume of takings and many of them didnt last long.On the commercial front, in that location are those who point thats fine a free merchandiseplace should indeed be leftfield to find its own level. a couple of(prenominal) countries-in-transition are probable to agree that such an approach leave behind strike the real necessitate of their throng specially of the poor. In a development context, the media contract a spanking agency to play in educating the public, making people sensible of their rights, supporting participative democracy, exerting pressure for edify governance and exposing wrongdoing. The development of restrictive and licensing systems in some countries of the causality Yugoslavia was overly able to lessen tendencies to use the airwaves to provoke ethnic hatred.Universality, independence and diversity are key to this concept of public service. Indeed, a colloquium conducted by the naked as a jaybird Delhi concenter for Media Studies precedent out that The official media, increasingly market- and consumer-orientated, are out of tune with the values infallible to promote broadbased human development. Development communication is virtually effective when expert as part of social action topical anestheticly, kinda than delivered top-down by media schoolmasters. And heres other reiterate from a media throng The country involve a non-profit tuition puddle which would provide the kind of teaching that society ineluctably exclusively which commercial publicize is not providing ..The gaps which destiny to be change are in education, public issues, gloss, the arts and childrens schedule. A contribution from a country in the create world? No in fact the views of an Ameri lowlife d elegate commenting on the media scene in the united States. ( in that respects more about how to cover youre in reality in tune with your audience in Chapters six and Eight. ) A market-driven commercial orbit alone is accordingly, for quite a apprehensible reasons, incredible to meet all the ineluctably of a society, whether naughty or developing. So its right that on that point should be a system for apportion air clears and ensuring that any public-service requirements in the foothold of the manifest are delivered.It should be clear that whats universe license is the render of a undertake service, not just the use of a stipulate frequence (though that service whitethorn, of course, be habituated simply to sport or to rememberment, if thats what you neediness the classic definition of public-service bare is, later on all, that it should inform, break and entertain). How should the permits be awarded? not flat by a ministry, we should maintain, but b y that separatist regulative soundbox run at arms-length from government. 23 In to the highest degree contexts, a honest tendering system for granting permits give be perfectly distinguish but the process must(prenominal)(prenominal) be open, crystalline and model of the public interest. Its thitherfore in like manner right that the call of the indorse should be decent demanding.We should counter them to include at least n moneymaking(prenominal) self-control of the broadcasting organisation n Frequencies allocated n transmittance reporting to be achieved n proficient standards n disposition of the service and lower limit hours of contagious disease by broadcast course of study n token(prenominal) fate of topical anesthetic anestheticly-produced computer programming n minimum ploughshare of programming com guardianshiped from unconditional producers (if relevant) n level best proceeding of advertizing genuine per hour n compliancy with the re strictive enciphers of practice n Mechanisms for dealing with complaints For multiple-channel distributors such as cable companies thither whitethorn besides be whats known as a must-carry requirement that their lot of function must include certain specify channel.This is leafy vegetablely applied to experience that theres a free-to-air public-service element in the total offering. curriculums and its intercession it should evermore be a non-governmental consistency which is responsible for supervise and decide performance. So, in virtually cases, it leave behind make sense to result both kinds of activity to the alike self- governing eubstance body. Its primary(prenominal) too that, as well as dealing with residence and the ethical responsibilities of the media, the restrictive body whitethorn be attached a business to protect their freedoms and to speak out when they come under threat, from whatever source. free regulatory bodies How should such a body be set up and the members of its governing gore institute?Ultimately, level if indirectly, this is bound to be a function of government or, preferably, of some kind of cross-party mechanism. merely there are slipway of ensuring that the nominees are not just politicians cronies or political placemen. In some countries, va lavcies on regulatory bodies render to be publicize and, in principle, anybody may apply and selection is overseen by an independent public appointments commission thats the UKs system. In others, particular interest groups (industry, trade unions, sacred bodies, arts organisations, the education sector and so on) may defend the right to nominate candidates thats the case in Germany.And southwestward African law requires the members of its unaffiliated Communications say-so to hold up capable qualifications, expertness and experience in the palm of, among others, broadcasting and telecommunications policy, engineering, engineering, relative frequence band planning, law, marketing, news media, sport, education, economics, business practice and finance. submission with attest equipment casualty In ensuring complaisance, it may be that the denary aspects of the manifest wrong (the elements which can be metrical objectively and arent matters of judgement such as vector reporting, hours broadcast, division of topical anesthetic anesthetic anesthetic programming and so on) could be jibed by a government agency. plainly in soft matters the content of 2 Broadcasters Media solicitude manual A tall order, you may think. besides compensate when the appointments bewilder finally to be endorsed by a minister, such measures may at least envision that the regulator is in general good example of society in general. on a lower floor the southwestern African system it is parliament, sooner than the government, which oversees the appointments process. Appointments are besides make on a rotating basis so avo iding clean-sweep change at politically dainty multiplication such as the run up to elections and the regulators independence is constitutionally certain legislation limits ministerial powers to broad policy directives (which must be published) and excludes any government involvement in particular licensing decisions.All of this challenges the Ministry of learning brain. In other countries, veritable(a) where the displace of patterns of parliamentary government and elections abide complete a formal manakin of genuineness as in some southeastern fall in States Asian countries the habits and attitudes essential for a anicteric civic culture and avowedly participatory democracy eat much remained undeveloped. The regulatory body allow, of course, to a fault ask a aggroup of professional regular cater to implement policy on the ground. They are seeming to require regular reports and recurrences on decimal compliancy and may sample-monitor produce or cond uct spotchecks on qualitative matters, both column and technical.And there go forth ordinarily be an yearbook assessment confluence at which the broadcaster leave be held to account for its overall performance. office not only for prize certifys but in like manner for ensuring compliance with their name. Unless with this duty comes the power to let down sanctions on transgressors, the regulator go away be a toothless creature. The government should therefore alike delegate to the regulator the power of applying sanctions for instance, to chide broadcasters, to require them to broadcast corrections and / or apologies, to fine them, to suspend their licences or regular(a)tide finally to knock over a licence altogether. (A commercial broadcaster in Britain was once cautioned for a fall apart of the product situation rules.A second crying(prenominal) infringement of the edict brought it a fine of ? 00,000. much recently, a broadcaster was fined more than ? 1 mi llion for the fleecing of viewing audience during a phone-in disputation. ) notwithstanding the more extreme penalties should seldom, if ever, consume to be reproofd, if only because of the broadcasters instincts for self-preservation. The regulator lead likely draw up more than one engrave with which broadcasters must assent if theyre to retain their licences. in that respects likely to be, for instance, a technical encipher and a cipher governing advertisement practice. just the well-nigh vital leave behind be the political platform or chromatography column code, which embodies the rules by which the stations everyday product go forth be judged.Provided that broadcasters hold back in place neat systems for ensuring compliance with the codes (such as the principle of referring up see paginate 82), they can be a mesomorphic protect in the face of criticism, whether from governments or from other sources. vermiform process A suggests how such a program c ode might work. Its not an example from any single source but a compiling and a distillate of sound principles from several restrictive codes The regulatory body has devolved to it the 2 The regulatory body has devolved to it the indebtedness not only for award licences but likewise for ensuring compliance with their terms. Unless with this responsibility comes the power to impose sanctions on transgressors, the regulator will be a toothless creature. contexts both from regulatory instruments and from broadcasters own internal codes of practice.Nor is it a construction for universal diligence any such code must be force up with priggish esthesia to the culture of topical anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic society. But its not a gloomy synopsis of the kind of standards to which we should, as professionals, aspire. The recognition of cultural differences is essential and this isnt an issue only betwixt (as its a lot now presented) the Islamic and the nonMuslim wor ld. western sandwich nations too take on their own taboos and nuances of acceptability. American classs lay down often to be change for transmission in Britain because of whats seen as excessively raging content on the other hand, American audiences tend to cede a earlier more niminy-piminy attitude to sexuallyexplicit content than do Europeans.In its coverage of a terrorist flush it incident, Italian video matt-up able to show much more extortionate illustration of the debacle than did British television though both had approach shot to exactly the same footage. At an educational television conference (admittedly some years ago now), the danish missionary post showed a juvenile sexeducation programme which communicate full point in a pawl and open way. The broadcasters from southerly Europe, including Bavaria and besides, interestingly, those from Israel said at the time that it would be impossible for them to transmit such a programme to directs. Repeatedly , the model code tensiones the need to protect children from in countenance, artful or potentially profane material. nigh regulators aim to achieve this by awful a authorisation basin in the schedule a time ( commonly around 200) before which all broadcast material should be qualified for family viewing and listening but later which more magnanimous treatments are congenial. such(prenominal) a turning point is likely to be uncertain at times of rapid social change. Some would point that, in the video age, its overly become unrealistic. umpteen primary school teachers can tell horror-stories of how yet very young children conduct been able to view at home material they would never be allowed to see in a cinema. Again, this is a matter which has to be terminate at bottom the local context, with on-air warnings where appropriate. tower freedom and manifestation daily editorial management is covered Broadcasters Media guidance manual of arms in Chapter Eight. But there are two aspects with legal implications which we should consider here. The first is the disclosure by the media of ostensibly secluded education which they hear through leaks. The model code in appendix A makes it quite clear that leaking is more often than not done not by the media but to the media, often by politicians themselves (or by companies, or whatever) or by their representatives. Any entity with a vested interest may quite fairly want to keep some of the information it possesses under wraps and to invoke sanctions against employees who leak it. But maintaining that ecurity is their responsibility, not the medias. If such information should come the way of the media, its their social occasion in civil society to scupper it for public musing in the public interest (think of Watergate). This principle was well put by one of the most celebrated editors of The Times, John Thaddeus Delane, as long ago as 82 The first duty of the crush out is to obtain the ear liest and most correct perception of the events of the time and instantly, by disclosing them, make them the usual office of the nation .. The military press lives by disclosures whatever passes into its belongings becomes a part of the familiarity and annals of our times.In countries with strong freedomof-information laws, such as the Norse countries, the unite States, Australia and newfound Zealand, this principle is clear and explicit and is a noteworthy enabler of inquiring journalism. On the other hand, a law such as Britains authorised Secrets fleck of 1914 (passed as a panic attack measure, with exact debate, in the collect to the early piece War) do even the possession of curtail official information a malefactor offence. Effectively, it allowed a journalist to be confine simply for doing his or her job. Thats not, we should maintain, an appropriate use of the malefactor law. The second issue is the fortress of sources. In some countries (in Sweden, for example) media practitioners are saved by law from being compelled to reveal the sources of their information.But close everywhere, even without such legal protection, they accept a moral and professional obligation not to produce a source when theyve given their word not to do so. Journalists necessitate gone to prison rather than glom this confidentiality in 2005 in the unite States a federal judge absorbed Judith moth miller for refusing to confirm the source of leaked information in the Plame case in 2006 beam Williams and degree FainaruWada were sentenced to 8 months for contempt of court for a similar refusal in a case involving alleged drug-taking by professional athletes. Without that assurance and the incarnate trust that it will be honoured much journalism in the public interest would be impossible.Lord Denning, when he was Britains most elderberry bush appeal-court judge, put it like this If the press were compelled to key out their sources they would soon be unbeloved of information which they ought to birth. Their sources would prohibitionist up. erroneous belief would not be let out .. injury would go unremedied .. Misdeeds in the corridors of power in companies or in government departments would never be known. 2 (Please advert that these are the linguistic communication of a superior member of the juridical establishment, not of some wild-eyed, gung-ho media revolutionary. ) The case-history on page 37 gives an example (from India) in which fact-finding journalism discovered sound malefactor activity, clear it in the public interest, enabled the criminals to be brought to justice and initiated real improvements in health-safety practices. Media will powerThe media are an industry and media development is a global phenomenon. compulsive by engine room and the market, media industries are everywhere proliferating, fragmenting, combine and diversifying. No country can modify itself totally from these tren ds. And, indeed, external willpower can bring important inward coronation to the country, in the media as in other fields. In some countries it may likewise provide some guarantee of media freedom. at that place can all the way be no universal formula for what degree of overseas ownership is acceptable or worthy but any limitation should sure be include in the terms of the licence 15% to 20% is a harsh figure.The terms should alike ensure that foreign ownership should not disparage the interests, culture and heritage of the host country. to a greater extent than one government has sell off the seed-corn of its frequency spectrum to foreign providers, only to see the local audience interchange short. When television was first launched in Fiji, the government grant the New Zealand caller-out TVNZ a monopoly for twelve years of its only unremarkable channel. In a small developing country, the broadcasters strictly commercial plan was, unsurprisingly, based on low c apital investment, minimum operating disbursement and a high level of low-priced import programming from Australia and New Zealand.Locallyproduced programming accounted for only 0% of the output and there was no interpretation even of international commercials for local audiences. There was secret code at all underarm in any of this it was all clear spell out in the business plan which the government authorized, But local dissatisfaction with the service lasted for many years. Cross-media ownership is another(prenominal) matter. It would self-evidently be insanitary for parliamentary pluralism if a single provider were to own, say, all the major newspapers and all the radio and television outlets in any country. Restrictions on such crossownership are clear in the public interest and should be part of the terms of the licence again, 20% is a common limitation.Indeed, theres a good case for screen background the permitted levels in the primary legislation. The support of broadcasting This is another area in which the architectonic plates are shifting. humanity-service broadcasting is generally funded through a statutory levy on households furnished to receive its transmissions. There are many slipway of appeal this fee. In Britain, beautys energise to bribe a licence by mail, at a post-office or on-line. They may pay it by instalments but, if they own or rent a television set, they must pass a licence even if they never watch the public-service take it money (the publicly-funded radio services are free). not to pay is in reality a criminal, not a civil, 2 Broadcasters Media guidance manual of arms ffence. The licence fee is thus in effect a regressive poll-tax though one to which, historically, theres been petty public resistance. That may soon change. early(a) countries use different methods of compendium in France its now added to the annual bill for local affinity taxes in Macedonia its an addition to the periodic electrical energy bill. In other countries, as in Australia, it comes in the form of a government grant paid for through general taxation. In most countries public-service broadcasters are now subject to mark patronage, whereby a proportion of their income comes from public sources but much of it has to be increase commercially.Hybrid support can lead to tensions amidst public and strictly commercial broadcasters when it leads the former to go after ratings and revenue enhancement at the last mentioneds expense allegations of unfairly-subsidised competition and a dilution of the public-service mission are very common. In the United States, the station of the Public military service Broadcasting channel tack their sum total income by seeking, through expeditious on-air campaigns, free-will donations from the people of the communities they serve. commercial-grade broadcasting has a wider range of funding options. Historically, the most common source has been advertizement revenu e, derived from sell air-time for commercials in slots betwixt and during programmes crossways the schedule.The proliferation of outlets is of necessity diluting this as a source of income. And, as technology enables viewers to skip the commercials if they want to, it provides a less and less good income electric current. other source is sponsorship, when an organisation pays to have its product or personal identity element associated with a programme or with a broadcast event. Sponsorship too is dismissal through a process of change. Whereas, in the past, it was regarded approximately as the equivalent of a donation, its now much more sharp brand-orientated. In the future, as the market fragments, its likely to shift its emphasis even more closely to the individual consumer.An area of some statement is product situation when, rather than get advertizing air-time, an advertiser pays to have the product include prominently inwardly the editorial content of a programme its long been an accepted practice in feature films. For years, excessive hump of this kind has been prohibited by broadcasting regulators (and by self-moving public-service broadcasters) but the new ability of viewers to postpone the commercial breaks is making such placement an gentle utility(a) and probably unstoppable, at least inside sham and entertainment formats. It should, however, have no place in news and actual personal business programmes, where it would clearly menace editorial independence. then(prenominal) there is subscription, where a viewer or listener pays a periodical fee for nettle to a specify cumulation of channels which are other encrypted and so unobtainable.An alternative (or a supplement) is pay-perview, whereby the consumer entrance moneyes and pays for only the individual programmes he or she wants this can overly be employ for video-on-demand services. And then there is the internet, ab initio used by broadcasters only as a sub sidiary service to their main channels but now increasingly a ware and distribution medium in its 29 own right. As with newspaper web-sites, most internet broadcasting is still free to the consumer, as its seen as a spin off from the onus business even if it cost the supplier a great deal of money. At present most providers mitigate those cost by sell advertizement on the website but we may well see new kinds of subscription and pay-per-view extensive to these services too.Nor should we stop the programmes themselves as sources of funding. by dint of co- doing, several broadcasters may bear to the doing work out in fleet for the right to transmit the result. It gives the participants access to formats and scales of production they couldnt one at a time afford. platform gross revenue of completed productions to other broadcasters can alike provide a hearty revenue stream for high-volume producers and there may also be a market for sell sales to the public of cass ettes or DVDs. The use of agio telephone lines in audience-participation formats such as phone-ins can generate a multipurpose supplement to mainstream income, as can SMS messaging.Small local send may also compete or even collaborate with the local press in classified ad announce (small-ads. ). Where programmes particularly longrunning series win large audiences, selling can be a significant revenue-earner. aside from recordings of the programmes themselves, spin-off products such as refer books, toys and games can thunder on the forwarding generated by the original broadcasts. mark products promoting the identity of a broadcaster or a channel can also increase consumer awareness, particularly if they are distributed as part of a heraldic bearing at public events. The governance of media organisationsIf we assume a single, common regulatory body for all broadcasting (see page 20), theres no reason why public-service and commercial broadcasters shouldnt also adopt a common kind of corporate structure, based on shape familiarity practice. This requires that there should be a bestride of directors and an executive (or board of management). A public-service broadcaster will usually operate under some form of lease and licence a commercial club will have its own memorial and articles of association within which the board must operate. The directors effectively constitute the corporation and are licitly responsible for its conduct. They approve its strategy, sanction its financial viability, oversee the work of the executive and are soluble to stakeholders for the guilds performance but their occasion is essentially to set policy, not to micro-manage the operation.In the case of a commercial participation, their prime responsibility is to the shareholders who have funded the company and who expect a return on their investment in the case of a public-service operator, its to th